Women's Health

There is credible information available to women not only on such problems as eating disorders, stress, alcoholism, addictions, and depression, but also on basic topics such as good nutrition, heart health, and exercise.

There is credible information available to women not only on such problems as eating disorders, stress, alcoholism, addictions, and depression, but also on basic topics such as good nutrition, heart health, and exercise. For example, it is beneficial that a woman maintains her optimum weight. If a woman's waist size measures more than 35 inches (89 cm), she is more likely to develop heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Eating sensible meals, eliminating after-dinner snacks, and making physical activity a part of daily life are significant ways to help control weight and lower the risk of a long list of health problems.

Smoking is detrimental to anyone's health, as well as the health of those around them. Unfortunately, women continue to smoke despite the known health risks. Even though the number of female smokers is declining, still about 16% of women in the U.S. continue to smoke. Women are smoking in spite of the well-publicized risks including cancer, heart disease, and innumerable other health issues.

Drinking an excessive amount of alcohol is also harmful to health. Although women typically begin drinking at a later age than men and tend to drink somewhat less, lower doses of alcohol are required for women to develop alcohol-related medical problems including alcohol toxicity, cirrhosis, and hepatitis.

Women should be aware that they metabolize a number of drugs differently than men. In some cases and for some medications, the rate of metabolism may be slower, and in other cases, faster. It is, therefore, essential that women are well informed about the kinds and correct dosages of any drugs they are taking.

Women tend to suffer their first heart attack 10 years later than men.

There are major differences in anatomy between males and females that require consideration. As more women are now participating in sports, many anatomic differences are being identified, often because men and women athletes sustain different types of injuries. In females, the hamstrings (muscles behind the leg) are not as strong as in males. Women also have a wider hip-to-knee ratio than men. A woman's legs are relatively longer and her torso shorter than a man of comparable size. She has a lower center of gravity, less muscle mass, less dense bones, and higher percentage of body fat.

Anatomic differences between men and women go well beyond the reproductive and skeletal systems. For example, they involve the brain and the heart. In fact, heart disease is the leading cause of death among women in the United States. It is now described as an "equal opportunity killer." Over one in three adult women in the US has some form of cardiovascular disease.

Women tend to suffer their first heart attack 10 years later than men. For reasons that remain unclear (and require more research), the likelihood for a younger woman dying from a heart attack is significantly greater than that of a man. Moreover, the symptoms of an impending heart attack may be somewhat different in a woman than in a man. A woman is more likely to ignore the symptoms and fail to seek medical attention. Every woman needs to develop her own healthy heart program.

Since the female reproductive system plays such an important role throughout the life of a woman, it receives special consideration. A woman's reproductive system includes her uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix, and external genitalia. The breasts can also be included, even though, technically speaking, they are not part of the reproductive system. The breasts do play a major role in pregnancy and motherhood.

Picture of the female reproductive system

Although the primary function of the reproductive system is to conceive and bear children, a female's reproductive system makes a major contribution to her overall womanhood. Due to the complexity of her reproductive system, she can experience a number of problems ranging from yeast infections of the vagina to fibroids of the uterus or cysts of the ovary.

If a woman is to make informed choices about her health care, she must understand her reproductive system. In the U.S., a common major surgery performed on women who are not pregnant is a hysterectomy. A hysterectomy, the surgical removal of the uterus, ends menstruation and a woman's innate ability to become pregnant. A woman needs to comprehend her options before she can decide if a hysterectomy is the best solution for her particular medical condition.

After menopause, a woman's body produces less of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Symptoms of the menopausal transition can be troubling for some women.

A hormone is a chemical substance secreted by an organ that travels by way of body fluids to affect another tissue in the body. In essence, hormones are "chemical messengers." Many hormones, especially those affecting growth and behavior, are present in both men and women. Nevertheless, women are more often portrayed as being under the influence of their hormones, as being subject to hormonal "tides" or "storms."

Some hormones are of special concern to women. The sex hormones produced by the ovaries are not only involved in the growth, maintenance, and repair of the reproductive tissues, but they also influence other body tissues, including bone mass. This can be a problem for women who strive for lower body fat (for example, athletes, models, and ballerinas) and for women with eating disorders. Women with low body fat often do not produce sufficient amounts of sex hormones. They can, therefore, experience a cessation of menstruation, osteoporosis (thinning of the bones), fractures, and other conditions similar to those faced by many post-menopausal women.

After menopause, a woman's body produces less of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Symptoms of the menopausal transition can be troubling for some women. Many doctors prescribe hormone therapy (HT, HRT) to ease menopausal symptoms, although this therapy should be administered for a short duration due to increases in the frequency of heart attacks and a slightly increased risk of breast cancer.

Hormonal problems for women are not confined to those involving sex hormones. For example, thyroid disease, including hyperthyroidism (over-activity of the thyroid gland) and hypothyroidism (under-activity of the thyroid), is far more common in women than in men.

Many diseases affect both women and men, but some diseases occur at a higher frequency in women.

Many diseases affect both women and men, but some diseases occur at a higher frequency in women.

• For example, gallstones are three to four times more common in women than in men.
• About 18% of women in the U.S. suffer migraine headaches compared with only 6% of men, a ratio of three to one females to males.
• Other conditions seen more often in women than in men include irritable bowel syndrome and urinary tract infections.
• Urinary tract infections, including cystitis (bladder infection) and kidney infections (pyelonephritis), are significant health problems that more frequently affect women.
• Kidney disease is a leading cause of high blood pressure (hypertension). And, after age 50, hypertension is more common in women than in men.
• Also more common in women than men are the autoimmune disorders (for example, multiple sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, and lupus). In these diseases, the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
  • Autoimmune disorders afflict at least 12 million Americans and 3/4 of them are women.
  • One autoimmune disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, affects approximately 1.3 million Americans, with 2/3 of the sufferers being women.
• Osteoporosis, a condition in which bone density decreases, occurs in both men and women. Overall, however, it is more of a major health concern for women.
  • Some studies have reported that as many as one of every two women over 50 will suffer a fracture related to osteoporosis during her lifetime.
  • By age 65, some women have lost half of their skeletal mass.
  • A woman's doctor can assess her bone density and make recommendations as to how to prevent further bone loss.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women.

Certain cancers are of specific concern to women. These include not only cancer of the female organs, such as the breast, cervix, womb (uterus), and ovary; but also of the pancreas, large bowel (colorectal cancer), and lung.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women. In the U.S., a woman has a 12.4% chance of developing breast cancer in her lifetime. Research studies show that the smaller the breast cancer is when it is detected, the greater the chance of survival. Currently, mammography and breast examinations serve as the recommended screening tests for breast cancer. The discovery of inherited gene mutations permits the identification of at least some women at increased risk for developing breast cancer.

Cancer involving the ovaries is also referred to as ovarian cancer. Because ovarian cancer is very difficult to detect in its early stages, it is often referred to as the "silent killer." Although ovarian cancer can occur at any age, a woman's risk gradually increases over time, and it is significantly higher if there is a history of ovarian cancer in the family. One in every 70 females in the U.S. develops ovarian cancer.

Colorectal cancer is cancer of the large intestine. Most cases of colorectal cancer occur in people over 50 years of age. A woman with a history of cancer of the breast, uterus, or ovary has an increased risk for colorectal cancer. Regular screening is recommended for all women over 50 years of age. Research studies show that eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, as well as supplementing the diet with antioxidants may help reduce a woman's risk of developing not only colorectal cancer but a number of other cancers as well.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women. As smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, it should be obvious that abstinence from smoking is a significant way to avoid this dreaded disease. Smoking cessation is essential in minimizing the damage already caused by smoking and optimizing long-term health.

To many women, "cosmetic" means a make-up preparation for external use, such as lipstick or eye-shadow. "Cosmetic" can also mean a medical procedure done to correct defects or for the sake of appearance. It is probably an underestimate that more than 600,000 cosmetic procedures are performed in the U.S. each year. The variety of procedures and the number of women undergoing cosmetic surgery is continuing to increase.

There are very few areas of the body for which a cosmetic procedure has not been developed. There are processes to improve the texture and tone of skin such as dermabrasion and chemical peels. Collagen and Botox injections can modify unwanted wrinkles and creases. Birthmarks, moles, and varicose veins can be treated with a variety of techniques. Lasers can eliminate unwanted hair, whereas lack of hair (baldness or alopecia) can often be remedied with drugs or surgical implants.

Liposuction is the removal of fat under the skin. Body contouring to reshape or "sculpt" the body can be done using ultrasonic and tumescent liposuction techniques. Various "lifts" and plastic surgery remove skin and fat and reposition skin and tissue.

Millions of women have undergone breast augmentation or reduction over the years. These procedures remain both popular and controversial. Breast reconstruction, especially following breast cancer, is usually viewed in a different light. Because all of these cosmetic procedures are also medical in nature, it is important that a woman understand their risks and benefits.

Every step of a woman's menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones. The production of these hormones is dependent on the general good health of the woman.

For about 40 years of her life, a woman experiences a normal phenomenon called the menstrual cycle. Regular loss of blood and tissue from normal sloughing of the inner lining of the uterus (menstruation) occurs every 26 to 35 days (more or less monthly) in every normal non-pregnant woman before menopause. Each monthly cycle can be divided into a follicular phase (an egg develops), ovulation (egg release) at mid-month, and a luteal phase (during which the uterine lining readies itself to receive a fertilized egg). If the egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining is shed, and a woman has her menstrual period. Then, the entire sequence of events is repeated.

Most women do not have difficulties during the first half of their menstrual cycle, but once the egg has been released, there may be problems such as pelvic pain. During the second half of the cycle, a woman may experience premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and she may have menstrual cramps at the onset of her menstrual flow.

Approximately 70%-90% of women suffer from premenstrual syndrome. PMS symptoms include irritability, nervousness, cramps, bloating, and headaches. A particularly severe condition, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), is even more troublesome than PMS.

Every step of a woman's menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones. The production of these hormones is dependent on the general good health of the woman. The loss of too much bodyweight can result in the cessation of menstruation. There are several disorders marked either by absent periods or by periods that are too long, heavy, irregular, or painful. Underlying conditions, which may include polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis, need to be medically evaluated.

Ironically, there is a medical condition in which affected women benefit from menstruation. The disease is hemochromatosis, which is characterized by too much iron in the blood. Menstruating women with hemochromatosis can lose enough blood during their menstrual periods that they may not need further treatment to remove the excess iron.

The sex hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, have a profound influence on a woman's sex life.

Sexuality deals with a woman's sexual attitudes and practices. During her lifetime, a woman goes through many changes, not only in her body but perhaps also in attitude and lifestyle.

The sex hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, have a profound influence on a woman's sex life. Women also produce testosterone, as it is required for sexual arousal. In humans, the sexual impulse is not tied to reproduction, and women will engage in sexual activity even when they are not fertile.

Little is known about what facilitates or inhibits feminine sexual arousal. It is estimated that 50 million American women have difficulty with sexual arousal. Problems include low sexual desire, sexual aversion, difficulty with sexual arousal (like impotence in men), and pain during intercourse (dyspareunia).

Physical exercise may increase sexual arousal whereas chronic illness, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, mental illness, and depression can inhibit sexual arousal. Alcohol and certain drugs such as tranquilizers can also inhibit the sexual response.

Following the success of sildenafil (Viagra) and other male impotence drugs, considerable research is now being conducted on drugs that improve blood flow to the vagina and the vaginal region which may improve female sexual arousal.

Ideally, the use of birth control is the responsibility of both sexual partners.

Fertility is the ability to bear children. Most women wish to restrict when and by whom they conceive.

• In the U.S., 94% of women age 15-44 use some method of birth control in order to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

Ideally, the use of birth control is the responsibility of both sexual partners. The choice of a birth control method should be a joint decision. In reality, the ultimate responsibility for birth control more often than not rests with the woman. Her choices include

• oral contraceptives,
• spermicides, diaphragms,
• cervical caps,
• rhythm methods,
• contraceptive implants, and
• intrauterine devices (IUDs).

In general, longer-term protection (for example, oral contraceptives, implants, or IUDs) not requiring last-minute decision-making provides better protection (a 0.1-3% "failure rate") than methods (for example, condoms or spermicides) used just before intercourse (5%-15% "failure rate").

Every woman who wishes to use birth control needs to decide which method is best suited for her. She must also determine which methods offer her the most protection against sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection and AIDS.

The opposite of fertility is, of course, infertility or the inability to bear children. Infertility affects one in five couples in the U.S. Female infertility tends to become more of a problem as a woman ages, especially after age 35. Regardless of age, a woman and her partner need to be medically evaluated by an infertility specialist to determine the cause for infertility and, if possible, to correct the problem. The options currently available to infertile couples have been expanded. These include

• advanced reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF),
• intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI),
• utilization of donor eggs and/or sperm, and maternal surrogacy.

Adoption, as always, is another option for childless couples.

For a woman, pregnancy planning means learning everything she can about how her own health and that of her baby can be optimized.

Optimally, all pregnancies would be planned well before conception. In the United States, it is currently estimated that 40% of all pregnancies are unplanned. This means that many women become pregnant before they are prepared.

The ideal time to start learning about pregnancy is not when a woman is already pregnant. In order for a future mother to maximize her chances of having a healthy baby, she should attempt to learn about what she can do before she conceives and what to do after she becomes pregnant.

For a woman, pregnancy planning means learning everything she can about how her own health and that of her baby can be optimized. For example:

• The expectant mother needs to know about those diseases that can complicate pregnancy by their existence or their treatment, such as depression, epilepsy, thyroid disease, asthma, lupus, or diabetes.
• If the mother smokes, she must stop, because women who smoke have a higher incidence of miscarriages and stillbirths.
• She needs to be aware of the dangers of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
• She must also know which drugs and medications she can continue to use safely and which ones she must avoid.
• There are also a number of prenatal tests that can monitor the health and development of her baby.
• Finally, she needs to plan ahead for the labor and delivery. Although pregnancy itself lasts only nine months, it is a period of time in which the maintenance of a woman's health is especially critical.

During the time of motherhood, a woman is responsible not only for the maintenance of her health but also for that of her family.

A woman who has children devotes a large proportion of her life to motherhood. Although a woman's fertility is limited roughly to 40 years, her maternal responsibilities may last considerably longer -- 60 years or so. Most mothers never cease being concerned about the health and welfare of their children (and grandchildren), no matter what their ages. In other words, a mother is a mother forever.

During the time of motherhood, a woman is responsible not only for the maintenance of her health but also for that of her family. Roughly one-third of all children in this country live apart from their fathers, which means that society still relies on mothers to protect and nurture their children.

Menopause has often been referred to as "the change of life" because it is a time in a woman's life when regular menstruation stops and she can no longer conceive.

The term menopause is used to describe an event or a period of time in a woman's life. In some contexts, it is used to designate a period of a number of years, typically the time when a woman is in her 40's through the decade of her 50's and beyond. Strictly speaking, a woman is said to have experienced menopause when she has had 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period. On average, menopause occurs around 51 years of age. The premenopausal process, however, usually begins in the early '40s. Diminishing sex hormone levels can be measured in a woman as early as her mid-30's.

"Menopausal" women represent a major component of the population. An estimated 50 million women in the US have reached menopause. Most women can expect to spend around 1/3 of their lives after menopause has occurred.

Menopause has often been referred to as "the change of life" because it is a time in a woman's life when regular menstruation stops and she can no longer conceive. Symptoms of menopause may include:

• hot flashes,
• mood swings,
• vaginal dryness,
• diminished sexual desire,
• forgetfulness,
• trouble sleeping, and
• urinary incontinence.

Until the 1950s, society's attitude was that menopause is a woman's face and she should simply accept her destiny. Now there are many medical strategies to cope with the symptoms of menopause. Women are encouraged to think of menopause not as a cataclysmic event in life, but merely as a time of transition.

Before the 20th century, the average woman didn't live long enough to worry about the quality of her life after cessation of menses. Now, most women live for several decades beyond menopause.

This is not necessarily good news. Almost half of U.S. women over age 75 are living alone in relative social isolation. Most residents in nursing homes are women. Not only does the mature woman often have to deal with osteoporosis, cancer, and heart disease, but she is also confronted with other health problems including hearing loss, diminished vison, incontinence, arthritis, insomnia, memory loss, and sexual dysfunction.

The problems of a sedentary, isolated life style can be compounded by poor diet, smoking, and alcohol or drug abuse. Studies show that it is never too late to benefit from an improved diet, moderate exercise, cessation of cigarette smoking and drug usage, and decreasing alcohol consumption.

Disease, rather than normal aging, usually accounts for loss of function in the mature woman. Nothing can be done to prevent the passage of years, but a great deal can be accomplished during a woman's life to prevent and treat the diseases that keep her from maintaining her best possible state of health.