Diabetes mellitus (DM), or simply referred to as diabetes, is a condition that impairs the body's ability to use blood glucose, known as blood sugar, and other nutrients including fats and proteins. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps glucose from the food get into the cells to be used for the production of energy. A person with diabetes becomes deficient in insulin production or resistant to its action that causes the buildup of glucose in the blood. Over time, having too much glucose in the blood can cause several health problems.
Diabetes has emerged as one of the fastest growing health challenges, and the number of adults living with diabetes has tripled in the world over the past two decades. China has the highest number of diabetes cases worldwide, with around 116 million people being affected, followed by India and the United States with around 77 million and 31 million people with diabetes, respectively.
What are the risk factors for diabetes?
Doctors use the term “prediabetes or borderline diabetes” when a person’s blood sugar level is usually in the range of 100-125 mg/dL. The prediabetes level means that the blood glucose level is higher than usual but not high enough to be called diabetes. People with prediabetes are, however, at risk of type 2 diabetes, although they do not usually experience the symptoms of full-blown diabetes.
The risk factors for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are similar. They include:
- A family history of diabetes
- Being overweight
- Having a sedentary lifestyle
- Abnormal lipid profile
- High blood pressure
- Smoking
- Having gestational diabetes or giving birth to a child with a birth weight of more than 9 lbs
What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes?
The classical symptoms of untreated diabetes include:
- Unintended weight loss
- Polyuria (increased urination)
- Polydipsia (increased thirst)
- Polyphagia (increased hunger)
Symptoms develop rapidly in type 1 diabetes, whereas they usually develop much more slowly, are subtle, or absent in type 2 diabetes. Several signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes. They include:
- Blurred vision
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Slow healing of wounds
- Itchy skin and skin rashes
SLIDESHOW
Diabetes: What Raises and Lowers Your Blood Sugar Level? See SlideshowHow is diabetes diagnosed?
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by recurrent or persistent high blood sugar level and is diagnosed using
- Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test.
- Fasting plasma glucose test.
- Glucose tolerance test.
- Random blood sugar test.
- Post-meal (after 2 hours of having a meal) blood glucose test.
Prevention of diabetes
There is no established measure to prevent type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). However, one can lower the risk of type 2 DM by following the below measures:
- Eating a diet high in fresh, nutritious foods including whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, low-fat dairy, and healthy fat sources such as nuts
- Avoiding high-sugar foods that provide empty calories or calories that do not have other nutritional benefits such as sweetened sodas, fried foods, and high-sugar desserts
- Refraining from drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or keeping intake to less than one drink a day
- Engaging in at least 30 minutes of exercise a day for at least 5 days a week, such as walking, aerobics, riding a bike, or swimming
- Recognizing signs of low blood sugar levels such as dizziness, confusion, weakness, and profuse sweating when exercising
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Diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2)
Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. The two types of diabetes are referred to as type 1 (insulin dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin dependent). Symptoms of diabetes include increased urine output, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Treatment of diabetes depends on the type.
Glyxambi (empagliflozin and linagliptin)
Glyxambi (empagliflozin and linagliptin) is a prescription medication that contains two diabetes medicines, empagliflozin (Jardiance) and linagliptin (Tradjenta), and is used to treat diabetes type 2. Serious side effects of Glyxambi include inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), heart failure, and dehydration.Synjardy (empagliflozin and metformin)
Synjardy (empagliflozin and metformin) is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Serious side effects of Synjardy include lactic acidosis, hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat; burning or painful urination, frequent or urgent urination, pink or bloody urine, little or no urination, unusual vaginal or penis discharge, and others.Synjardy XR (empagliflozin and metformin extended-release)
Synjardy XR (empagliflozin and metformin extended-release) is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Serious side effects of Synjardy XR include lactic acidosis. Synjardy XR is not recommended in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Type 1 Diabetes
What is type 1 diabetes? There are new treatments for juvenile diabetes, and more people with diabetes can be treated than ever before. Learn the symptoms of T1D, the causes, and find ways to control your blood glucose levels naturally.