What Should I Do If I Have Ketones in My Urine?

Ketonuria is a medical condition characterized by the excretion of higher-than-normal levels of ketone bodies in the urine. Symptoms of ketonuria vary according to the underlying cause. 

The following are some of the most common symptoms of ketonuria:

• Fruity smelling breath: This is due to the fruity odor of acetone that is released from the lungs.
• Frequent urination: Urination occurs more frequently than usual as the body attempts to rid itself of ketone bodies.
• Nausea and vomiting: Other electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, may be disrupted because of the increased level of ketone bodies in the body. A change in the concentration of these electrolytes can cause nausea and vomiting.
• Dehydration and excessive thirst: Dehydration and excessive thirst are caused by frequent urination, nausea, and vomiting.
• Confusion and disorientation: Prolonged ketonuria may affect the brain, causing a lack of focus and confusion.
• Heavy breathing

The following are the primary causes of ketonuria:

1. Low insulin levels:
   • When the body's insulin levels are low, it cannot efficiently move sugar into cells or store it as fuel in the liver. Instead, body fat and proteins are used, resulting in the production of a large number of ketones as by-products.
   • Ketonuria is caused by metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes mellitus or glycogen storage disease, both of which are associated with low insulin levels.
2. Dietary conditions such as ketogenic diet or starvation:
   • A low carbohydrate diet, also known as a ketogenic diet, could be the source of ketonuria.
   • People on this diet tend to consume low carbohydrates, which causes the body to use available fats and protein, resulting in the release of ketones as a by-product.
   • Similarly, as a result of lack of food consumption, the insulin level in the body decreases during starvation.
   • When the reserved glucose is depleted, the body begins to feed on the protein and fat in the body, producing ketone bodies as an alternative fuel source.
3. Pregnancy:
   • The change in pregnancy hormone prevents body cells from consuming glucose, resulting in a sugar deficiency.
   • As a result of the low carbohydrate intake, fat and protein metabolism begins and causes ketosis.
4. Digestive disturbances:
   • If the absorption of carbohydrates is hampered due to digestive system disturbances, the body glucose level may fall.
   • The body then uses the muscles and fats to generate the required energy, increasing the levels of ketone bodies in the urine.
5. Prolonged alcohol consumption:
   • Heavy alcohol consumption, especially when combined with poor nutrition, depletes hepatic glycogen stores, and ethanol metabolism further impairs gluconeogenesis.
6. Other causes:
   • Strenuous exercise
   • Excessive vomiting and diarrhea
   • Poorly controlled diabetes
   • Starvation (not eating for prolonged periods, for example, 12 to 18 hours)
   • Anorexia nervosa
   • Bulimia nervosa

When blood ketone bodies levels increase, the body enters nutritional ketosis. This occurs when the body begins to burn its fat reserves as its primary fuel source rather than carbohydrates.

• When you begin a low-carb diet, your body begins to release fatty acids from its fat reserves. Fatty acids are then transported to the liver and converted into ketone bodies (in the process of ketogenesis).
• These ketone bodies, or ketones, then serve as the body's and brain's new source of energy. You will enter ketosis if you limit your carbohydrate intake to a minimum. 
• Consume no more than 50 grams of carbohydrates per day. This will cause a change in your metabolism, causing your body to replace carbohydrates as the primary source of energy with fats.

To achieve nutritional ketosis, you should follow a ketogenic diet plan that includes:

• Low carbohydrate content (to maintain the state of ketosis)
• High protein content (to protect your muscles)
• Vitamins and minerals in the right proportion

Advantages of nutritional ketosis

Ketosis can have a positive effect on some health conditions.

• Reduces weight
• Reduces the risk of diabetes
• Reduces the levels of low-density lipoprotein (bad) cholesterol and increases the levels of high-density lipoprotein (good) cholesterol
• Reduces swellings in the body
• Boosts the lymphatic circulation
• Good for people who have epilepsy

Disadvantages of nutritional ketosis

Disadvantages of nutritional ketosis include:

• Weakness
• Dry mouth
• Increase in thirst levels
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Tiredness
• Hunger
• Headache
• Muscle cramps

It's important to distinguish between nutritional ketosis and diabetic ketoacidosis. 

Ketoacidosis is a condition that occurs when a person's body is unable to produce insulin, a hormone that prevents the production of ketones. This is true for people who have type I diabetes or who have advanced type II diabetes.

Nutritional ketosis is considered safe for people with obesity and overweight. However, one should not overdo it.