What Are Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancers?

• Nasopharyngeal cancer: It is the uncontrolled growth of cells that starts in the nasopharynx, which is the topmost part of the pharynx. The nasopharynx connects the nose to the throat allowing the passage of air through it.
• Oropharyngeal cancer: It is the uncontrolled growth of cells that starts in the oropharynx, which is the middle part of the pharynx. It connects the mouth to the throat and allows the passage of food, fluid, and air.

The exact cause of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers is not known. These cancers arise when there is a change or abnormality in the genes (DNA) of a cell in the larynx or hypopharynx. Such an abnormal cell divides uncontrollably, forming more cells of its kind, and leading to cancer formation.

Certain conditions may increase the risk of hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers, such as:

1. Tobacco consumption (including secondhand or passive smoke)
2. Alcohol use
3. Human papillomavirus infection
4. Being obese or overweight
5. Certain nutritional deficiencies
6. Genetic conditions, such as Fanconi anemia or dyskeratosis congenita
7. Occupational exposure to certain toxic chemicals, such as wood dust, petroleum byproducts, paint fumes, and asbestos
8. Male gender (men are about five times more likely to get laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer than women)
9. Older age
10. Gastroesophageal reflux disease

There is no definitive way to prevent laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers.

You can, however, reduce your risk by taking the following measures:

• Avoid smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption
• Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
• Limit exposure to harmful chemicals by wearing proper protective gear and ensuring adequate ventilation at the workplace
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Ensure proper nutrition by having a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and other whole foods
• Get human papillomavirus vaccination