Does Viramune (nevirapine) cause side effects?
Viramune (nevirapine) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
During infection with HIV, the HIV virus multiplies within the body's cells. The newly-formed viruses then are released from the cells and spread throughout the body where they infect other cells. In this manner, the infection spreads to new, uninfected cells that the body is continually producing, and HIV infection is perpetuated.
When producing new viruses, the HIV virus must manufacture new DNA for each virus. Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme that the virus uses to form this new DNA. Viramune directly inhibits the activity of reverse transcriptase and blocks the production of DNA and new viruses. Viramune does not kill existing HIV virus and it is not a cure for HIV.
Common side effects of Viramune include
- rash,
- headaches,
- diarrhea,
- nausea,
- fever,
- abdominal pain,
- muscle pain, and
- redistribution or accumulation of body fat.
Serious side effects of Viramune include
- liver failure,
- severe skin reactions,
- decreased white blood cells,
- muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis), and
- immune reconstitution syndrome which is an inflammatory response to infection.
Drug interactions of Viramune include
- antiviral medication to treat hepatitis C,
- antibiotics or antifungal medicine,
- birth control pills,
- blood thinners,
- ergot medicines,
- heart or blood pressure medications,
- medicines to prevent organ transplant rejection, and
- seizure medications.
Avoid drinking alcohol, which may increase the risk of liver damage. It is unknown if Viramune will harm a fetus.
Viramune may be more likely to cause liver damage in a pregnant woman. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. HIV can be passed to a baby if the mother is not properly treated during pregnancy.
Viramune is excreted in human breast milk. Breastfeeding should be discontinued during of Viramune therapy. In addition, HIV infected mothers should not nurse because of the risk of transmitting HIV to an infant that is not infected.
What are the important side effects of Viramune (nevirapine)?
The most common side effects of nevirapine are:
The most serious side effects of nevirapine are:
- liver failure,
- severe skin reactions,
- decreased white blood cells, and
- muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis).
Like other antiretroviral drugs, use of nevirapine is associated with redistribution or accumulation of body fat. Immune reconstitution syndrome which is an inflammatory response to infection may occur in patients treated with combination anti-HIV therapy.
Viramune (nevirapine) side effects list for healthcare professionals
Clinical Trial Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Clinical Trial Experience In Adult Patients
The most serious adverse reactions associated with Viramune are hepatitis, hepatic failure, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Hepatitis/hepatic failure may be isolated or associated with signs of hypersensitivity which may include severe rash or rash accompanied by fever, general malaise, fatigue, muscle or joint aches, blisters, oral lesions, conjunctivitis, facial edema, eosinophilia, granulocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, or renal dysfunction.
Hepatic Reaction
In controlled clinical trials, symptomatic hepatic events regardless of severity occurred in 4% (range 0% to 11%) of subjects who received Viramune and 1% of subjects in control groups. Female gender and higher CD4+ cell counts (greater than 250 cells/mm³ in women and greater than 400 cells/mm³ in men) place patients at increased risk of these events.
Asymptomatic transaminase elevations (AST or ALT greater than 5X ULN) were observed in 6% (range 0% to 9%) of subjects who received Viramune and 6% of subjects in control groups.
Co-infection with hepatitis B or C and/or increased transaminase elevations at the start of therapy with Viramune are associated with a greater risk of later symptomatic events (6 weeks or more after starting Viramune) and asymptomatic increases in AST or ALT.
Liver enzyme abnormalities (AST, ALT, GGT) were observed more frequently in subjects receiving Viramune than in controls (see Table 3).
Skin Reaction
The most common clinical toxicity of Viramune is rash, which can be severe or life-threatening. Rash occurs most frequently within the first 6 weeks of therapy. Rashes are usually mild to moderate, maculopapular erythematous cutaneous eruptions, with or without pruritus, located on the trunk, face and extremities.
- In controlled clinical trials (Trials 1037, 1038, 1046, and 1090), Grade 1 and 2 rashes were reported in 13% of subjects receiving Viramune compared to 6% receiving placebo during the first 6 weeks of therapy.
- Grade 3 and 4 rashes were reported in 2% of Viramune recipients compared to less than 1% of subjects receiving placebo. Women tend to be at higher risk for development of Viramune-associated rash.
- Treatment-related, adverse experiences of moderate or severe intensity observed in greater than 2% of subjects receiving Viramune in placebo-controlled trials are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 : Percentage of Subjects with Moderate or Severe Drug-Related Events in Adult Placebo-Controlled Trials
Trial 10901 | Trials 1037, 1038, 10462 | |||
Viramune (n=1121) | Placebo (n=1128) | Viramune (n=253) | Placebo (n=203) | |
Median exposure (weeks) | 58 | 52 | 28 | 28 |
Any adverse event | 15% | 11% | 32% | 13% |
Rash | 5 | 2 | 7 | 2 |
Nausea | 1 | 1 | 9 | 4 |
Granulocytopenia | 2 | 3 | <1 | 0 |
Headache | 1 | <1 | 4 | 1 |
Fatigue | <1 | <1 | 5 | 4 |
Diarrhea | <1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Abdominal pain | <1 | <1 | 2 | 0 |
Myalgia | <1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
1 Background therapy included 3TC for all subjects and combinations of NRTIs and PIs. Subjects had CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/mm³. 2 Background therapy included ZDV and ZDV+ddI; Viramune monotherapy was administered in some subjects. Subjects had CD4+ cell count greater than or equal to 200 cells/mm³. |
Laboratory Abnormalities
Liver enzyme test abnormalities (AST, ALT) were observed more frequently in subjects receiving Viramune than in controls (Table 3).
Asymptomatic elevations in GGT occur frequently but are not a contraindication to continue Viramune therapy in the absence of elevations in other liver enzyme tests.
Other laboratory abnormalities (bilirubin, anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) were observed with similar frequencies in clinical trials comparing Viramune and control regimens (see Table 3).
Table 3 :Percentage of Adult Subjects with Laboratory Abnormalities
Laboratory Abnormality | Trial 10901 | Trials 1037, 1038, 10462 | ||
Viramune (n=1121) | Placebo (n=1128) | Viramune (n=253) | Placebo (n=203) | |
Blood Chemistry | ||||
SGPT (ALT) >250 U/L | 5 | 4 | 14 | 4 |
SGOT (AST) >250 U/L | 4 | 3 | 8 | 2 |
Bilirubin >2.5 mg/dL | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Hematology | ||||
Hemoglobin <8.0 g/dL | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Platelets <50,000/mm³ | 1 | 1 | <1 | 2 |
Neutrophils <750/mm³ | 13 | 14 | 4 | 1 |
1 Background therapy included 3TC for all subjects and combinations of NRTIs and PIs. Subjects had CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/mm³. 2 Background therapy included ZDV and ZDV+ddI; Viramune monotherapy was administered in some subjects. Subjects had CD4+ cell count greater than or equal to 200 cells/mm³. |
Clinical Trial Experience In Pediatric Patients
Adverse events were assessed in BI Trial 1100.1032 (ACTG 245), a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Viramune (n=305) in which pediatric subjects received combination treatment with Viramune.
- In this trial two subjects were reported to experience Stevens-Johnson syndrome or Stevens-Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis transition syndrome.
- Safety was also assessed in trial BI 1100.882 (ACTG 180), an open-label trial of Viramune (n=37) in which subjects were followed for a mean duration of 33.9 months (range: 6.8 months to 5.3 years, including long-term follow-up in 29 of these subjects in trial BI 1100.892).
- The most frequently reported adverse events related to Viramune in pediatric subjects were similar to those observed in adults, with the exception of granulocytopenia, which was more commonly observed in children receiving both zidovudine and Viramune.
- Cases of allergic reaction, including one case of anaphylaxis, were also reported.
- The safety of Viramune was also examined in BI Trial 1100.1368, an open-label, randomized clinical trial performed in South Africa in which 123 HIV-1 infected treatment-naive subjects between 3 months and 16 years of age received combination treatment with Viramune oral suspension, lamivudine and zidovudine for 48 weeks.
- Rash (all causality) was reported in 21% of the subjects, 4 (3%) of whom discontinued drug due to rash.
- All 4 subjects experienced the rash early in the course of therapy (less than 4 weeks) and resolved upon nevirapine discontinuation.
- Other clinically important adverse events (all causality) include neutropenia (9%), anemia (7%), and hepatotoxicity (2%).
- Safety information on use of Viramune in combination therapy in pediatric subjects 2 weeks to less than 3 months of age was assessed in 36 subjects from the BI 1100.1222 (PACTG 356) trial.
- No unexpected safety findings were observed although granulocytopenia was reported more frequently in this age group compared to the older pediatric age groups and adults.
Post-Marketing Experience
In addition to the adverse events identified during clinical trials, the following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Viramune.
Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Body as a Whole: fever, somnolence, drug withdrawal, redistribution/accumulation of body fat
Gastrointestinal: vomiting
Liver and Biliary: jaundice, fulminant and cholestatic hepatitis, hepatic necrosis, hepatic failure
Hematology: anemia, eosinophilia, neutropenia
Investigations: decreased serum phosphorus
Musculoskeletal: arthralgia, rhabdomyolysis associated with skin and/or liver reactions
Neurologic: paraesthesia
Skin and Appendages: Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis, angioedema, bullous eruptions, ulcerative stomatitis and urticaria have all been reported.
In addition, hypersensitivity syndrome and hypersensitivity reactions with rash associated with constitutional findings such as fever, blistering, oral lesions, conjunctivitis, facial edema, muscle or joint aches, general malaise, fatigue, or significant hepatic abnormalities, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) plus one or more of the following:
- hepatitis,
- eosinophilia,
- granulocytopenia,
- lymphadenopathy, and/or renal dysfunction have been reported.
In post-marketing surveillance anemia has been more commonly observed in children although development of anemia due to concomitant medication use cannot be ruled out.
What drugs interact with Viramune (nevirapine)?
Nevirapine is principally metabolized by the liver via the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, 3A and 2B6. Nevirapine is known to be an inducer of these enzymes.
As a result, drugs that are metabolized by these enzyme systems may have lower than expected plasma levels when co-administered with nevirapine.
- The specific pharmacokinetic changes that occur with co-administration of nevirapine and other drugs are listed in Clinical Pharmacology, Table 5.
- Clinical comments about possible dosage modifications based on established drug interactions are listed in Table 4. The data in Tables 4 and 5 are based on the results of drug interaction trials conducted in HIV-1 seropositive subjects unless otherwise indicated.
- In addition to established drug interactions, there may be potential pharmacokinetic interactions between nevirapine and other drug classes that are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system. These potential drug interactions are also listed in Table 4.
- Although specific drug interaction trials in HIV-1 seropositive subjects have not been conducted for some classes of drugs listed in Table 4, additional clinical monitoring may be warranted when co-administering these drugs.
- The in vitro interaction between nevirapine and the antithrombotic agent warfarin is complex. As a result, when giving these drugs concomitantly, plasma warfarin levels may change with the potential for increases in coagulation time.
- When warfarin is co-administered with nevirapine, anticoagulation levels should be monitored frequently.
Table 4 Established and Potential Drug Interactions: Use with Caution, Alteration in Dose or Regimen May Be Needed Due to Drug Interaction Established Drug Interactions: See Table 5 for Magnitude of Interaction.
Drug Name | Effect on Concentration of Nevirapine or Concomitant Drug | Clinical Comment |
HIV Antiviral Agents: Protease Inhibitors (PIs) | ||
Atazanavir/Ritonavir* | ↓ Atazanavir ↑ Nevirapine | Do not co-administer nevirapine with atazanavir because nevirapine substantially decreases atazanavir exposure and there is a potential risk for nevirapine-associated toxicity due to increased nevirapine exposures. |
Fosamprenavir* | ↓Amprenavir ↑Nevirapine | Co-administration of nevirapine and fosamprenavir without ritonavir is not recommended. |
Fosamprenavir/Ritonavir* | ↓Amprenavir ↑Nevirapine | No dosing adjustments are required when nevirapine is co-administered with 700/100 mg of fosamprenavir/ritonavir twice daily. The combination of nevirapine administered with fosamprenavir/ritonavir once daily has not been studied. |
Indinavir* | ↓ Indinavir | The appropriate doses of this combination of indinavir and nevirapine with respect to efficacy and safety have not been established. |
Lopinavir/Ritonavir* | ↓Lopinavir | Dosing in adult patients: |
Nelfinavir* | ↓Nelfinavir M8 Metabolite ↓Nelfinavir Cmin | The appropriate doses of the combination of nevirapine and nelfinavir with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established. |
Saquinavir/Ritonavir | The interaction between nevirapine and saquinavir/ritonavir has not been evaluated | The appropriate doses of the combination of nevirapine and saquinavir/ritonavir with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established. |
HIV Antiviral Agents: Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) | ||
Efavirenz* | ↓ Efavirenz | The appropriate doses of these combinations with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established. |
Delavirdine Etravirine Rilpivirine | Plasma concentrations may be altered. Nevirapine should not be coadministered with another NNRTI as this combination has not been shown to be beneficial. | |
Hepatitis C Antiviral Agents | ||
Boceprevir | Plasma concentrations of boceprevir may be decreased due to induction of CYP3A4/5 by nevirapine. | Nevirapine and boceprevir should not be coadministered because decreases in boceprevir plasma concentrations may result in a reduction in efficacy. |
Telaprevir | Plasma concentrations of telaprevir may be decreased due to induction of CYP3A4 by nevirapine and plasma concentrations of nevirapine may be increased due to inhibition of CYP3A4 by telaprevir. | Nevirapine and telaprevir should not be coadministered because changes in plasma concentrations of nevirapine, telaprevir, or both may result in a reduction in telaprevir efficacy or an increase in nevirapine-associated adverse events. |
Other Agents | ||
Analgesics: | ||
Methadone* | ↓ Methadone | Methadone levels were decreased; increased dosages may be required to prevent symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Methadone-maintained patients beginning nevirapine therapy should be monitored for evidence of withdrawal and methadone dose should be adjusted accordingly. |
Antiarrhythmics: Amiodarone, disopyramide, lidocaine | Plasma concentrations may be decreased. | Appropriate doses for this combination have not been established. |
Antibiotics: Clarithromycin* | ↓ Clarithromycin ↑ 14-OH clarithromycin | Clarithromycin exposure was significantly decreased by nevirapine; however, 14-OH metabolite concentrations were increased. Because clarithromycin active metabolite has reduced activity against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, overall activity against this pathogen may be altered. Alternatives to clarithromycin, such as azithromycin, should be considered. |
Rifabutin* | ↑Rifabutin | Rifabutin and its metabolite concentrations were moderately increased. Due to high intersubject variability, however, some patients may experience large increases in rifabutin exposure and may be at higher risk for rifabutin toxicity. Therefore, caution should be used in concomitant administration. |
Rifampin* | ↓ Nevirapine | Nevirapine and rifampin should not be administered concomitantly because decreases in nevirapine plasma concentrations may reduce the efficacy of the drug. Physicians needing to treat patients co-infected with tuberculosis and using a nevirapine-containing regimen may use rifabutin instead. |
Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine, clonazepam, ethosuximide | Plasma concentrations of nevirapine and the anticonvulsant may be decreased. | Use with caution and monitor virologic response and levels of anticonvulsants. |
Antifungals: Fluconazole* | ↑Nevirapine | Because of the risk of increased exposure to nevirapine, caution should be used in concomitant administration, and patients should be monitored closely for nevirapine-associated adverse events. |
Ketoconazole* | ↓ Ketoconazole | Nevirapine and ketoconazole should not be administered concomitantly because decreases in ketoconazole plasma concentrations may reduce the efficacy of the drug. |
Itraconazole | ↓ Itraconazole | Nevirapine and itraconazole should not be administered concomitantly due to potential decreases in itraconazole plasma concentrations that may reduce efficacy of the drug. |
Antithrombotics: Warfarin | Plasma concentrations may be increased. | Potential effect on anticoagulation. Monitoring of anticoagulation levels is recommended. |
Calcium Channel blockers: Diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil | Plasma concentrations may be decreased. | Appropriate doses for these combinations have not been established. |
Cancer Chemotherapy: Cyclophosphamide | Plasma concentrations may be decreased. | Appropriate doses for this combination have not been established. |
Ergot Alkaloids: Ergotamine | Plasma concentrations may be decreased. | Appropriate doses for this combination have not been established. |
Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus | Plasma concentrations may be decreased. | Appropriate doses for these combinations have not been established. |
Motility Agents: Cisapride | Plasma concentrations may be decreased. | Appropriate doses for this combination have not been established. |
Opiate Agonists: Fentanyl | Plasma concentrations may be decreased. | Appropriate doses for this combination have not been established. |
Oral Contraceptives: Ethinyl estradiol and Norethindrone* | ↓ Ethinyl Estradiol ↓ Norethindrone | Despite lower ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone exposures when coadministered with nevirapine, literature reports suggest that nevirapine has no effect on pregnancy rates among HIV-infected women on combined oral contraceptives. When coadministered with Viramune, no dose adjustment of ethinyl estradiol or norethindrone is needed when used in combination for contraception. When these oral contraceptives are used for hormonal regulation during Viramune therapy, the therapeutic effect of the hormonal therapy should be monitored. |
* The interaction between Viramune and the drug was evaluated in a clinical study. All other drug interactions shown are predicted. |
Summary
Viramune (nevirapine) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Common side effects of Viramune include rash, headaches, diarrhea, nausea, fever, abdominal pain, muscle pain, and redistribution or accumulation of body fat. Do not take Viramune if pregnant or breastfeeding.
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Professional side effects and drug interactions sections courtesy of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.