Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention
A vaccine against TB is commercially available; it is termed BCG, or Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine. However, the vaccine is not recommended for use in the U.S. because of the low risk for TB infections.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease (bacterial infection) caused by a bacterium named Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually infects the lungs, but in some individuals, the bacteria can attack any part of the body. Before treatments were effective against TB, it was the leading cause of death in the United States.
Yes, TB is highly contagious and can be transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person, mainly when a person with TB coughs, sneezes, speaks, or even sings (known as airborne transmission or airborne disease). Other people who breathe in the aerosolized bacteria can become infected. Some individuals have TB infections but show no symptoms because their bodies prevent TB organisms from growing. Patients with this type of infection are termed as having latent (dormant) TB. Individuals with latent TB have the organisms suppressed; in this condition, the individuals are not contagious for TB when the organisms are dormant. However, if a person with latent TB is no longer able to suppress the TB organisms, that individual can then become contagious.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms can survive for a while even in the deceased; to avoid getting TB, physicians who perform autopsies have to be careful not to spread the organisms into the air while they're doing their investigations.
People may suspect they have tuberculosis if they have spent any length of time around coughing or sneezing individuals known to have tuberculosis. Symptoms and signs of TB include the following:
A physician can order skin tests, TB blood tests, and send sputum samples for specialized stains and culture to definitively diagnose tuberculosis in an individual.
A vaccine against TB is commercially available; it is termed BCG, or Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine. However, the vaccine is not recommended for use in the U.S. because of the low risk for TB infections.
TB spreads when the organisms are coughed up or aerosolized by sneezing, speaking, or singing. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that TB is not spread by handshakes, sharing food, drinks, or toothbrushes, touching items like toilet seats, clothing, or bedsheets, or kissing. People with other health problems like diabetes, HIV infection, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and/or recent exposure to individuals with TB are at increased risk for contracting TB.
The incubation period for tuberculosis is measured from exposure time to time of development of a positive tuberculin skin test. In most individuals, the incubation period varies from approximately two to 12 weeks. However, the risk for developing active disease is highest in the first two years after infection and development of a positive TB skin test.
Treatment for tuberculosis, both active infections and latent TB infections, involves the use of several different anti-TB medications (for example, isoniazid [Nydrazid, Laniazid, INH], rifampin [Rifadin], rifapentine [Priftin], ethambutol [Myambutol], pyrazinamide), often in combination, for up to a total of six to nine months. A physician will determine the best treatment for you on an individual basis, since some strains of the bacteria are resistant to certain drugs. Some people are probably noncontagious after two weeks while on medication or during treatment but some researchers suggest that others may take longer (months) until they are not able to spread the disease. Reduction or absence of symptoms and signs suggests that a person on antibiotics is unlikely to be contagious, but this is not always true.
Tuberculosis, like many diseases, is best treated early in the infection. Consequently, you should contact a physician if
An individual should not put off seeing a physician if there's slightest chance he or she has TB because the disease can progress and eventually cause death if not treated in a timely fashion.
Chest pain is a common complaint by a patient in the ER. Causes of chest pain include broken or bruised ribs, pleurisy, pneumothorax, shingles, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, angina, heart attack, costochondritis, pericarditis, aorta or aortic dissection, and reflux esophagitis.
Diagnosis and treatment of chest pain depends upon the cause and clinical presentation of the patient's chest pain.
Chronic cough treatment is based on the cause, but may be soothed natural and home remedies.
Night sweats are severe hot flashes that occur at night and result in a drenching sweat. The causes of night sweats in most people are not serious, like menopause in women, sleep apnea, medications, alcohol withdrawal, and thyroid problems. However, more serious diseases like cancer and HIV also can cause night sweats. Your doctor will treat your night sweats depending upon the cause.
You may experience other signs and symptoms that are associated with night sweats, which depend upon the cause, but may include, shaking, and chills with a fever caused by an infection like the flu or pneumonia; unexplained weight loss due to lymphoma; women in perimenopause or menopause may also have vaginal dryness, mood swings, and hot flashes during the day; and low blood sugar in people with diabetes.
Other causes of night sweats include medications like NSAIDs (aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), and naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), antidepressants, sildenafil (Viagra), and abuse of prescription or illegal drugs and drug withdrawal; hormone disorders like pheochromocytoma and carcinoid syndrome; idiopathic hyperhidrosis; infections like endocarditis, AIDs, and abscesses; alcoholism and alcohol withdrawal; drug abuse, addiction, and withdrawal; and stroke.
A doctor or other health care professional can treat your night sweats after the cause has been diagnosed.