Medical Definition of Haff Disease

Reviewed on 8/26/2022

Haff disease is a rare seafood-related illness characterized by severe rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle tissue) that occurs within 24 hours of consuming fish. The condition is estimated to only occur about once per year in the U.S. When the damaged muscle tissue releases its protein and electrolytes into the blood, these substances can cause kidney damage, severe arrhythmias, seizures, nausea, vomiting, and death. The exact cause is not well understood, but it is believed to be related to an unknown toxin. In the U.S., documented cases have been related to consumption of salmon, buffalo fish, and crawfish. About 1% of cases of Haff disease are fatal. There is no known way to prevent the condition or to determine whether a particular fish contains the toxin.

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References
Jameson, J. Larry, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.