Endocarditis facts
- Endocarditis is an inflammation of the valves of the heart.
- Endocarditis is often caused by the growth of bacteria on one of the heart valves, leading to a mass known as a vegetation.
- Symptoms can be nonspecific and include fever, malaise, shortness of breath, and weakness.
- People with existing diseases of the heart valves and people who have undergone heart valve replacements are at an increased risk of developing endocarditis.
- The most accurate method of detecting the valve vegetations of endocarditis is with a procedure called transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).
- The treatment for endocarditis consists of aggressive antibiotics, generally given intravenously, usually for 4 to 6 weeks.
- The duration and intensity of treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the type of bacterial organism responsible.
- In severe cases that
damage the heart valves, surgical replacement of the valve may be necessary.
What is endocarditis?
Endocarditis is a serious
inflammation of one of the four heart
valves.
What causes endocarditis?
Endocarditis is caused by a growth of bacteria on one of the heart valves, leading to an infected mass called a "vegetation". The infection may be introduced during brief periods of having bacteria in the bloodstream, such as after dental work, colonoscopy, and other similar procedures.
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Endocarditis Symptoms
Endocarditis, an inflammation of the valves of the heart, causes symptoms that can be nonspecific and similar to those of many other conditions. For example, fever, malaise, weakness, and shortness of breath are common symptoms of endocarditis. Other symptoms that can occur with endocarditis are
- chills,
- night sweats,
- fatigue,
- joint and muscle aches, and
- swelling of the legs, abdomen, and feet due to fluid accumulation (edema).
Depending upon the cause of the endocarditis, other symptoms can occur. These include
- nausea,
- vomiting,
- blood in the urine,
- headaches,
- cough,
- pale skin, and
- painful red-purplish bumps under the skin of the fingers and toes known as Osler's nodes.
What are the symptoms of endocarditis?
Patients with endocarditis can develop:
- fever,
- fatigue,
- chills,
- weakness
- aching joints and muscles,
- night sweats,
- edema (fluid collection) in the leg(s), foot (feet), and abdomen,
- malaise,
- shortness of breath, and
- occasionally, scattered small skin
lesions.
In endocarditis, blood cultures can often detect the bacteria causing
the endocarditis. Patients can also develop anemia, blood in urine,
elevated white blood cell count, and a new heart murmur.
Who is at risk for endocarditis?
People with existing diseases of the heart valves (aortic stenosis,
mitral stenosis,
mitral regurgitation, etc.) and people who have undergone heart valve replacements are at an increased risk of developing endocarditis. These people are usually given antibiotics prior to any procedure which may introduce bacteria into the bloodstream. This
includes routine dental work, minor surgery, and procedures that may
traumatize body tissues such as colonoscopy and gynecologic or
urologic examinations. Examples of antibiotics used include oral
amoxicillin (Amoxil) and erythromycin (Emycin, Eryc,PCE), as well as
intramuscular or intravenous ampicillin, gentamicin, and
vancomycin.
How is endocarditis diagnosed?
The infection on the valve can cause build up of nodules on the valves called "vegetations". These valve vegetations can be detected by
echocardiography (an ultrasound examination of the heart). The most accurate method of detecting valve vegetations is with a procedure called transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). In this procedure an echo-transducer is placed on the tip of a flexible endoscope. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth into the esophagus. The transducer at the tip of the endoscope is then able to take sound wave "pictures" of the heart valves located adjacent to the lower esophagus. It is important to realize that endocarditis may exist without visible vegetations on the heart valve; the exact diagnosis is made by the identification of bacteria in a blood culture, in the appropriate clinical setting.
How is endocarditis treated?
The mainstay of treatment is aggressive antibiotics, generally given intravenously, usually for 4-6 weeks. The duration and intensity of treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the type of bacterial organism responsible. In cases where the valve has been severely damaged by the infection, resulting in severe valve dysfunction, surgical replacement of the valve may be necessary. Response to treatment is indicated by a reduction in fever, negative blood bacterial cultures, and findings on echocardiography.
Medically reviewed by Robert J. Bryg, MD; Board Certified Internal Medicine with subspecialty in Cardiovascular Disease
REFERENCE:
"Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of infective endocarditis"
uptodate.com
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Reviewed on 8/22/2016
References
Medically reviewed by Robert J. Bryg, MD; Board Certified Internal Medicine with subspecialty in Cardiovascular Disease
REFERENCE:
"Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of infective endocarditis"
uptodate.com
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