Urinalysis Related Diseases & Conditions

Medical tests and procedures are used to diagnose and treat a wide variety of conditions. Our doctors have compiled a list of ailments related to the topic of Urinalysis that may be used to diagnose or monitor the status of the diseases and conditions listed below.

  • Kidney Failure Kidney failure can occur from an acute event or a chronic condition or disease. Prerenal kidney failure is caused by blood loss,...learn more »
    In This Article
    Kidney Failure Article
    • Kidney failure facts
    • What are the kidneys?
    • What causes kidney failure?
    • What are the symptoms of kidney failure?
    • How is kidney failure diagnosed?
    • What is the treatment for kidney failure?
    • Diet
    • Medications
    • Dialysis
    • Hemodialysis
    • Peritoneal dialysis
    • Kidney transplantation
    • What is the prognosis for someone with kidney failure?
  • Kidney Stones One in every 20 people develop a kidney stone at some point in their life. A kidney stone is a hard mineral and crystalline...learn more »
    In This Article
    Kidney Stones Article
    • Kidney stone facts
    • What is a kidney stone?
    • Who is at risk for kidney stones?
    • What causes kidney stones?
    • What are the symptoms and signs of kidney stones?
    • How are kidney stones diagnosed?
    • What is the treatment for kidney stones? How long does it take to pass a kidney stone?
    • How can kidney stones be prevented?
    • What is the outlook (prognosis) for kidney stones?
  • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI In Adults) Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the kidney, ureter, bladder, and/or urethra. Not everyone with a UTI has...learn more »
    In This Article
    Urinary Tract Infection (UTI In Adults) Article
    • Urinary tract infection (UTI) facts
    • What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
    • What causes a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
    • What are urinary tract infection (UTI) risk factors?
    • Common urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms in women, men, and children
    • What are urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms and signs in women, men, and children?
    • Is there a link between urinary tract infection (UTI) and pregnancy?
    • How is a urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosed?
    • What is the treatment for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
    • What are common antibiotics used to treat a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
    • Are there any home remedies for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
    • What are possible complications of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
    • What is the prognosis for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
    • Is it possible to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) with a vaccine?
    • Can a urinary tract infection (UTI) be prevented?
    • Is it possible to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) with diet and supplements?
  • Low Blood Pressure Low blood pressure, also referred to as hypotension, is blood pressure that is so low that it causes symptoms or signs due to the...learn more »
    In This Article
    Low Blood Pressure Article
    • Low blood pressure facts
    • What is low blood pressure?
    • How is blood pressure generated?
    • How does the body maintain normal blood pressure?
    • Is low blood pressure bad for your health?
    • What are low blood pressure signs and symptoms?
    • What are the causes of low blood pressure?
    • How is low blood pressure diagnosed and evaluated?
    • What is the treatment for low blood pressure?
  • Bladder Infection (Cystitis) Bladder infection is an infection of the bladder, usually caused by bacteria or, rarely, by Candida. Certain people, including...learn more »
    In This Article
    Bladder Infection (Cystitis) Article
    • What is a bladder infection?
    • What causes bladder infections?
    • What are some risk factors for bladder infection?
    • What are the signs and symptoms of a bladder infection in women?
    • What are the signs and symptoms of a bladder infection in men?
    • What are the signs and symptoms of a bladder infection in children?
    • How is a bladder infection diagnosed?
    • What is the treatment for a bladder infection?
    • Are home remedies effective for a bladder infection?
    • How is a bladder infection during pregnancy treated?
    • What are potential complications of a bladder infection?
    • Can bladder infections be prevented?
    • What is the prognosis for a bladder infection?
  • Diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2) Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. The two types of diabetes...learn more »
    In This Article
    Diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2) Article
    • Diabetes facts
    • What is diabetes?
    • What is the impact of diabetes?
    • What causes diabetes?
    • What are the different types of diabetes?
    • Type 1 diabetes
    • Type 2 diabetes
    • Other types of diabetes
    • What are diabetes symptoms?
    • How is diabetes diagnosed?
    • Why is blood sugar checked at home?
    • What are the acute complications of diabetes?
    • What are the chronic complications of diabetes?
    • What can be done to slow diabetes complications?
  • Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis) Kidney infection (pyelonephritis) usually is caused from bacteria that have spread from the bladder from a UTI (urinary tract...learn more »
    In This Article
    Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis) Article
    • Kidney infection facts
    • What is the function of the kidneys?
    • Where are the kidneys located?
    • What is a kidney infection?
    • What are the causes of kidney infection?
    • What are risk factors for kidney and urinary tract infection?
    • Is screening recommended for UTI or kidney infection?
    • What are the signs and symptoms of kidney infection?
    • How is kidney infection diagnosed?
    • What are different types of kidney infection?
    • What are the common bacteria that cause kidney infections?
    • What is the treatment for kidney infection?
    • Are there foods I should avoid if I have a kidney infection?
    • Can kidney infection be prevented?
  • Dehydration Dehydration is the excessive loss of body water. There are a number of causes of dehydration including heat exposure, prolonged...learn more »
    In This Article
    Dehydration Article
    • Dehydration facts
    • What is dehydration?
    • What causes dehydration?
    • Dehydration pictures
    • What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration?
    • What about dehydration in children?
    • How is dehydration diagnosed?
    • How is dehydration treated?
    • Can I treat dehydration at home?
    • What are the complications of dehydration?
    • How can dehydration be prevented?
  • Hyponatremia (Low Blood Sodium) Hyponatremia is a condition where the level of sodium in the blood is low. Causes of hyponatremia can occur from excess fluid in...learn more »
    In This Article
    Hyponatremia (Low Blood Sodium) Article
    • What is hyponatremia (low blood sodium)?
    • What causes hyponatremia (low blood sodium)?
    • What are the symptoms of hyponatremia (low blood sodium)?
    • How is hyponatremia diagnosed (low blood sodium)?
    • How is hyponatremia treated (low blood sodium)?
    • Hyponatremia At A Glance
    • Related hyponatremia article:
      Hyponatremia (Low Sodium) - on eMedicineHealth
  • Bladder Cancer Treatment for bladder cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the grade of the tumor, and the type of bladder cancer. Options...learn more »
    In This Article
    Bladder Cancer Article
    • What is the bladder?
    • What are the layers of the bladder?
    • What is bladder cancer?
    • What is the burden of bladder cancer in the U.S.?
    • What are the types of bladder cancer?
    • What are bladder cancer causes and risk factors?
    • What are bladder cancer symptoms and signs?
    • How is bladder cancer diagnosed?
    • How is bladder cancer staging determined?
    • What is bladder cancer grading?
    • What is transurethral surgery or "TURBT" for bladder cancer?
    • What is the treatment for superficial bladder cancer?
    • What is surveillance for bladder cancer?
    • What is the treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer?
    • What is chemotherapy for bladder cancer?
    • What is the prognosis for bladder cancer?
    • Can bladder cancer be prevented?
    • Where can people find more information on bladder cancer?
    • What research is being done on bladder cancer?
    • Bladder Cancer At A glance
  • Blood In Semen Blood in semen is also known as hematospermia. Blood in semen can be caused by many conditions affecting the tubes that...learn more »
    In This Article
    Blood In Semen Article
    • Blood in semen facts
    • What is blood in the semen?
    • What are the causes of blood in the semen?
    • What are the symptoms of blood in the semen?
    • How is blood in the semen evaluated?
    • How is blood in the semen treated?
    • What is the prognosis (outlook) for patients with blood in the semen?
  • Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelet Count) Thrombocytopenia refers to a decreased number of platelets in the blood. There are many causes of thrombocytopenia such as...learn more »
    In This Article
    Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelet Count) Article
    • What is thrombocytopenia?
    • What causes thrombocytopenia?
    • What are the symptoms of thrombocytopenia?
    • When should I seek medical care for thrombocytopenia?
    • How is thrombocytopenia diagnosed?
    • How is thrombocytopenia treated?
    • What are the complications of thrombocytopenia?
    • Can thrombocytopenia be prevented?
    • Thrombocytopenia At A Glance
    • Related thrombocytopenia article:
      Thrombocytopenia - on eMedicineHealth
  • Hydronephrosis Hydronephrosis is a condition in which the kidney swells, due to a backup of urine. Hydronephrosis generally occurs with another...learn more »
    In This Article
    Hydronephrosis Article
    • What is hydronephrosis?
    • What causes hydronephrosis?
    • What are the symptoms of hydronephrosis?
    • When should I seek medical care for hydronephrosis?
    • How is hydronephrosis diagnosed?
    • What is the treatment for hydronephrosis?
    • What are the complications of hydronephrosis?
    • Can hydronephrosis be prevented?
    • Hydronephrosis At A Glance
  • Rhabdomyolysis Rhabdomyolysis is a rapid deterioration and destruction of skeletal muscle. Some of the causes of rhabdomyolysis include severe...learn more »
    In This Article
    Rhabdomyolysis Article
    • What is rhabdomyolysis?
    • What causes rhabdomyolysis?
    • What are the symptoms of rhabdomyolysis?
    • What should I do if I think I have rhabdomyolysis?
    • How is rhabdomyolysis diagnosed?
    • What are the complications of rhabdomyolysis?
    • How is rhabdomyolysis treated?
    • What is the prognosis for rhabdomyolysis?
    • Rhabdomyolysis At A Glance
    • Related rhabdomyolysis article:
      Rhabdomyolysis - on eMedicineHealth
  • Ankylosing Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that causes chronic inflammation of the spine. The tendency to develop ankylosing...learn more »
    In This Article
    Ankylosing Spondylitis Article
    • Ankylosing spondylitis facts
    • What is ankylosing spondylitis?
    • What causes ankylosing spondylitis?
    • What are ankylosing spondylitis symptoms and signs?
    • How is ankylosing spondylitis diagnosed?
    • What are ankylosing spondylitis treatment options?
    • Can ankylosing spondylitis be prevented?
    • What is the prognosis (outlook) for patients with ankylosing spondylitis?
    • What is in the future for patients with ankylosing spondylitis?
    • Where can people find more information about ankylosing spondylitis and learn about support groups?
  • Testicular Pain (Pain in the Testicles) Testicular pain, or pain in the testicle or testicles are caused by a variety of diseases or conditions such as testicular...learn more »
    In This Article
    Testicular Pain (Pain in the Testicles) Article
    • Testicular pain facts
    • What is testicular pain (pain in the testicles)?
    • What function do the testicles have?
    • What causes testicular pain?
    • Testicular torsion causes
    • Epididymitis causes
    • Torsion of a testicular appendage causes
    • Trauma causes
    • Inguinal hernia causes
    • Orchitis causes
    • Kidney stone causes
    • Testicular tumor causes
    • What are the signs and symptoms of conditions causing testicular pain?
    • How are the causes of testicular pain diagnosed?
    • What is the treatment for testicular pain?
    • What are the complications of the conditions causing testicular pain?
    • How can testicular pain be prevented?
  • Blood in Urine Blood in the urine is termed hematuria. Hematuria, whether it be gross or microscopic, is abnormal and should be further...learn more »
    In This Article
    Blood in Urine Article
    • What is blood in urine (hematuria)?
    • What are the causes of blood in urine?
    • How is blood in urine diagnosed?
    • How is blood in urine treated?
    • Blood in Urine (Hematuria) At A Glance
  • Overactive Bladder Overactive bladder is a sudden involuntary contraction of the muscle wall of the bladder causing urinary urgency (an immediate...learn more »
    In This Article
    Overactive Bladder Article
    • What is an overactive bladder?
    • What are the causes of overactive bladder?
    • Are there any risk factors for overactive bladder?
    • What are symptoms of an overactive bladder?
    • How is overactive bladder diagnosed?
    • What are treatments for an overactive bladder?
    • What is the role of medications in treating overactive bladder?
    • What are treatments for the chronically incontinent?
    • What measures can be taken at home to prevent overactive bladder symptoms?
    • What are some of the complications of overactive bladder?
    • What is the prognosis for overactive bladder?
    • Overactive Bladder At A Glance
  • Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP or anaphylactoid purpura), a type of blood vessel inflammation, results in rash, arthritis, and...learn more »
    In This Article
    Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Article
    • Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) facts
    • What is Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)?
    • What causes HSP?
    • What are risk factors for HSP?
    • What are HSP symptoms and signs?
    • How is HSP diagnosed?
    • What is the treatment for HSP?
    • What are complications of HSP?
    • What is the prognosis for patients with HSP?
    • Can HSP be prevented?
  • Hypercalcemia (Elevated Calcium Levels) Hypercalcemia is a condition in which calcium levels in the blood are elevated. Hypercalcemia is associated with other conditions...learn more »
    In This Article
    Hypercalcemia (Elevated Calcium Levels) Article
    • Hypercalcemia Introduction
    • What are the causes of hypercalcemia?
    • What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
    • How is hypercalcemia diagnosed?
    • How is hypercalcemia treated?
    • What is the prognosis for hypercalcemia?
    • Can hypercalcemia be prevented?
    • Hypercalcemia At A Glance
    • Related hypercalcemia article:
      Hypercalcemia (Elevated Calcium Levels) - on eMedicineHealth
  • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Chronic fatigue syndrome is a debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that lasts 6 months or longer,...learn more »
    In This Article
    Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Article
    • Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) facts
    • What is chronic fatigue syndrome?
    • What causes chronic fatigue syndrome?
    • What are risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome?
    • What are symptoms and signs of chronic fatigue syndrome?
    • What are chronic fatigue syndrome symptoms in men?
    • What are chronic fatigue syndrome symptoms in women?
    • How is chronic fatigue syndrome diagnosed?
    • What is the treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome?
    • Is there a cure for chronic fatigue syndrome?
    • What is the prognosis of chronic fatigue syndrome?
    • Can chronic fatigue syndrome be prevented?
    • Where can people find additional information about chronic fatigue syndrome?
  • Urinary Retention Urinary retention (inability to urinate) may be caused by nerve disease, spinal cord injury, prostate enlargement, infection,...learn more »
    In This Article
    Urinary Retention Article
    • What is the urinary tract?
    • What causes urinary retention?
    • What are the symptoms of urinary retention?
    • How is urinary retention diagnosed?
    • How is urinary retention treated?
    • What are the complications of urinary retention?
    • What are the complications of treatments for urinary retention?
    • Hope through research
    • Where can people find more information about urinary retention?
  • Urethral Stricture A urethral stricture, or narrowing of the urethra, may cause decreased urine output. Symptoms include painful urination, urinary...learn more »
    In This Article
    Urethral Stricture Article
    • What is the urethra?
    • What is urethral stricture?
    • What are the causes of urethral stricture?
    • What are the symptoms of urethral stricture?
    • What type of doctors treat urethral obstruction?
    • How is urethral stricture diagnosed?
    • Are there any special tests for diagnosing urethral stricture?
    • What is the treatment for urethral stricture?
    • What surgical options are available for urethral stricture?
    • Can urethral stricture be prevented?
    • What is the prognosis for urethral stricture?
    • Urethral Stricture At A Glance
  • Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the patient has frequent urination. Symptoms of diabetes insipidus include irritable,...learn more »
    In This Article
    Diabetes Insipidus Article
    • Diabetes insipidus facts*
    • What is diabetes insipidus, and what are the symptoms of the condition?
    • What is the difference between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus?
    • How is fluid in the body normally regulated?
    • What are the types of diabetes insipidus?
    • How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed?
    • For more information about diabetes insipidus
  • Urinary Tract Infections in Children Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common in children. Symptoms and signs include fever and abdominal pain. Associated...learn more »
    In This Article
    Urinary Tract Infections in Children Article
    • What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
    • What causes urinary tract infections in children?
    • What are symptoms and signs of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?
    • How are UTIs in children diagnosed?
    • How long do UTIs in children last?
    • Are UTIs in children contagious?
    • Are there any home remedies for UTIs in children?
    • What is the treatment for UTIs in children?
    • Can UTIs in children be prevented?
    • UTIs in Children At A Glance
  • Reactive Arthritis Reactive arthritis is a chronic, systemic rheumatic disease characterized by three conditions, including conjunctivitis, joint...learn more »
    In This Article
    Reactive Arthritis Article
    • Reactive arthritis facts
    • What is reactive arthritis?
    • What causes reactive arthritis?
    • What are risk factors for developing reactive arthritis?
    • What are reactive arthritis symptoms and signs?
    • How is reactive arthritis diagnosed?
    • How is reactive arthritis treated?
    • What is the prognosis of reactive arthritis?
    • Can reactive arthritis be prevented?
    • What does the future hold for reactive arthritis?
  • Urethral Cancer Urethral cancer is a rare form of cancer that primarily affects white females, people over 60 years of age, and those who have...learn more »
    In This Article
    Urethral Cancer Article
    • What is urethral cancer?
    • What are risk factors for urethral cancer?
    • What are symptoms and signs of urethral cancer?
    • How is urethral cancer diagnosed?
    • What is the prognosis for urethral cancer?
    • How is staging of urethral cancer determined?
    • What are the treatment options for urethral cancer?
    • What is the treatment for anterior urethral cancer?
    • What is the treatment for posterior urethral cancer?
    • What is the treatment for recurrent urethral cancer?
    • Where can people find more information about urethral cancer?
  • Urinary Incontinence There are many types of urinary incontinence (UI), which is the accidental leakage of urine. These types include stress...learn more »
    In This Article
    Urinary Incontinence Article
    • Urinary incontinence (UI) in men facts*
    • Urinary incontinence (UI) introduction
    • What causes urinary incontinence (UI) in men?
    • How is urinary incontinence (UI) diagnosed?
    • How is urinary incontinence (UI) treated?
    • How do you do Kegel exercises?
    • Hope through research
    • For more information
  • Urinary Incontinence in Women Millions of women suffer from urinary incontinence (UI). UI occurs twice as often in women as in men. There are many types of...learn more »
    In This Article
    Urinary Incontinence in Women Article
    • Urinary incontinence (UI) in women facts*
    • What is urinary incontinence?
    • What are the types of urinary incontinence?
    • How is incontinence evaluated?
    • How is incontinence treated?
    • Points to remember
    • Hope through research
    • For more information
  • Urinary Incontinence in Children Urinary incontinence in children (enuresis) is twice as common in boys as in girls and may occur during the daytime or nighttime....learn more »
    In This Article
    Urinary Incontinence in Children Article
    • Urinary incontinence in children facts
    • What is urinary incontinence?
    • How does the urinary system work?
    • What are the different types of urinary incontinence?
    • How common is urinary incontinence in children?
    • What causes nighttime incontinence in children?
    • What causes daytime incontinence in children?
    • How do you differentiate between organic and nonorganic causes of urinary incontinence?
    • What is the treatment for urinary incontinence in children?
    • What is the prognosis of urinary incontinence in children?
    • Where can people get more information on urinary incontinence in children?
  • Porphyria Porphyria is a group of disorders that affect the nervous system, skin, or both. Porphyria is often an inherited condition that...learn more »
    In This Article
    Porphyria Article
    • Porphyria facts*
    • What is porphyria?
    • What are the types of porphyria?
    • What causes porphyria?
    • What are the symptoms of porphyria?
    • How is porphyria diagnosed?
    • How is porphyria treated?
  • Cystinuria Cystinuria is a common genetic condition that causes excess buildup of a protein, cystine, in the urine. Cystinuria leads to the...learn more »
    In This Article
    Cystinuria Article
    • What is cystinuria?
    • How frequent is cystinuria?
    • What is a transport defect?
    • What causes cystinuria?
    • What happens with cystine in the urine?
    • What problem do the cystine stones cause?
    • What happens with a urinary obstruction?
    • What is the effect of urinary obstruction on the kidney?
    • What are the signs and symptoms of cystinuria?
    • What use is early diagnosis?
    • How is cystinuria treated?
    • What are the laboratory findings in cystinuria?
    • How is cystinuria inherited?
    • How long has cystinuria been known?
    • Cystinuria At A Glance
  • Melioidosis Melioidosis (Whitmore's disease) is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei bacteria. Symptoms include...learn more »
    In This Article
    Melioidosis Article
    • What is melioidosis? What causes melioidosis?
    • Where does melioidosis occur?
    • What are symptoms of melioidosis?
    • How is melioidosis diagnosed?
    • How is melioidosis treated?
    • Can melioidosis be prevented?
    • What is the prognosis for melioidosis?
    • Melioidosis At A Glance
  • Sex, Urinary, and Bladder Problems of Diabetes Having diabetes can mean early onset and increased severity of bladder symptoms (urinary incontinence and urinary tract...learn more »
    In This Article
    Sex, Urinary, and Bladder Problems of Diabetes Article
    • Sexual and urological problems of diabetes facts*
    • Introduction to sexual and urological problems of diabetes
    • Diabetes and sexual problems
    • What sexual problems can occur in men with diabetes?
    • What sexual problems can occur in women with diabetes?
    • Diabetes and urologic problems
    • Who is at risk for developing sexual and urologic problems of diabetes?
    • Can diabetes-related sexual and urologic problems be prevented?
    • Sexual and Urologic Problems of Diabetes At A Glance
    • Hope through research
  • Kidney Dysplasia Kidney dysplasia is a condition in which one or both of a baby's kidneys do not develop normally. In kidney dysplasia, cysts...learn more »
    In This Article
    Kidney Dysplasia Article
    • What is kidney dysplasia?
    • How does kidney dysplasia happen?
    • What causes kidney dysplasia?
    • What are the signs or complications of kidney dysplasia?
    • How is kidney dysplasia diagnosed?
    • How is kidney dysplasia treated?
    • What is the long-term outlook for a child with kidney dysplasia?
    • Questions to ask the doctor
    • Points to remember
  • Bedwetting Bedwetting, or nocturnal enuresis, is the accidental passage of urine while asleep. There are two types of bedwetting: primary...learn more »
    In This Article
    Bedwetting Article
    • What is bedwetting?
    • What are the types of bedwetting?
    • What is primary bedwetting?
    • What is the basic problem in primary bedwetting?
    • Is primary bedwetting due to emotional problems?
    • How is primary bedwetting treated?
    • How common is secondary bedwetting?
    • What causes secondary bedwetting?
    • How is the cause of secondary bedwetting diagnosed?
    • What is the treatment for secondary bedwetting?
    • What is the outlook (prognosis) for children with bedwetting?
    • Bedwetting At A Glance
  • Disease Prevention in Women Disease prevention in women includes screening tests that are a basic part of prevention medicine. All screening tests are...learn more »
    In This Article
    Disease Prevention in Women Article
    • Disease prevention in women overview
    • Osteoporosis
    • Breast cancer
    • High blood pressure (hypertension)
    • Cancer of the cervix
    • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
    • Hypercholesterolemia (hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia)
    • Type II diabetes mellitus
    • Cancer of colon and rectum / polyps of colon and rectum
    • Bladder cancer
    • Glaucoma
    • Melanoma and other skin cancers
  • Disease Prevention in Men Disease prevention in men includes routine screening tests that are part of basic prevention medicine. Take an active role in...learn more »
    In This Article
    Disease Prevention in Men Article
    • Disease prevention in men introduction
    • High blood pressure (hypertension)
    • Hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia
    • Type II diabetes mellitus
    • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
    • Cancer of colon and rectum /polyps of colon and rectum
    • Prostate cancer
    • Glaucoma
    • Melanoma and other skin cancers
    • Bladder cancer