Dr. Lee was born in Shanghai, China, and received his college and medical training in the United States. He is fluent in English and three Chinese dialects. He graduated with chemistry departmental honors from Harvey Mudd College. He was appointed president of AOA society at UCLA School of Medicine. He underwent internal medicine residency and gastroenterology fellowship training at Cedars Sinai Medical Center.
Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
John is a gentleman with a delightful sense of humor, a successful
businessman, a loving husband, and a proud father of two beautiful children. I
first met him more than 10 years ago in a local hospital. (Both of us were under 40 years of age.) I was asked by his internist to help manage John's serious liver disease. The way in which he developed his liver disease
demonstrates how ordinarily-safe, over-the-counter (OTC) medications can be
deadly when used improperly and the potentially serious nature of adverse
interactions among drugs and of drugs with food.
While actual dates of the events have become fuzzy, I remember the essence of
what happened. John had more than a few drinks at a New Year's Eve party at a
local restaurant. The following morning, he developed nausea,
vomiting,
headache
and flu-like symptoms. He took several over-the-counter cold/flu medications
every few hours for relief from his symptoms; as the symptoms persisted he
took more medications.
Tylenol is currently the most popular painkiller in the United States.
Americans take over 8 billion pills (tablets or capsules) of Tylenol each year.
Acetaminophen is the general
(generic) name for Tylenol, which is a brand name. Although acetaminophen is
contained in over 200 medications, most of them do not have the name "Tylenol"
on their labels. Moreover, just about every patient with liver disease in my
practice invariably asks:
"Is it safe for me to take Tylenol?" or
"How much
Tylenol can I take?"
These questions highlight the public's awareness of the
potential for acetaminophen to cause liver damage or injury.
Tylenol is a very
effective pain-killing (analgesic) and fever-reducing
(anti-pyretic) agent. It is also a very safe drug as long as the recommended
dosage is not exceeded. In fact, the use of Tylenol instead of
aspirin to treat
fevers in infants has greatly reduced the occurrence of
Reye's syndrome, an often
fatal form of liver failure. Ironically, however, taking too much Tylenol (an
overdose) can also cause liver failure, although by a different process
(mechanism), as discussed below.
Do the recommended doses of Tylenol cause any
liver damage?
Some early reports did describe the occurrence of chronic liver disease that was associated with the long-term use of Tylenol in recommended doses. These studies were published in the 1970's, however, and I suspect that many of these patients may have had unrecognized chronic hepatitis C infection. Anyway, today, the consensus is that the usual doses of Tylenol cause significant liver damage only rarely, or not at all in people with normal livers.
Likewise, a person with liver disease does not appear to be at an increased risk of developing additional liver injury from taking Tylenol. This is so-regardless of the cause of the liver disease and provided the patient does not drink alcohol regularly. Thus, Tylenol is quite safe to use in the recommended doses in patients with acute (brief duration) or chronic (long duration) hepatitis. For example, Tylenol is routinely prescribed to treat the flu-like symptoms that can be caused by interferon treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis. Keep in mind, however, that all drugs, including Tylenol, should be used with caution, if at all, in patients with severe liver disease, such as advanced
cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver failure.
Even though Tylenol most likely does not cause serious liver damage in recommended doses, it can cause elevations of liver enzymes in the blood suggesting injury to the liver. In a study of 145 healthy subjects who were randomized to receive placebo or 4 grams of Tylenol daily for
two weeks, subjects in the placebo group experienced no elevations of ALT, a liver enzyme, but 33%-44% of the subjects in the Tylenol group had ALT elevations greater than three times the upper limits of normal. The highest ALT elevation was greater than 500 which is approximately 10 times the upper limit of normal. All enzyme elevations returned to normal after stopping Tylenol. Thus, recommended doses of Tylenol given to healthy subjects for
two weeks can cause mild to moderate reversible liver injury. Tylenol, like all other medications should be used cautiously under a doctor's supervision with
monitoring of liver enzyme levels.
Abdominal pain is pain in the belly and can be acute or chronic. Causes include inflammation, distention of an organ, and loss of the blood supply to an organ. Abdominal pain can reflect a major problem with one of the organs in the abdomen such as the appendix, gallbladder, large and small intestine, pancreas, liver, colon, duodenum, and spleen.
Liver disease can be cause by a variety of things including infection (hepatitis), diseases such as gallstones, high cholesterol or triglycerides, blood flow obstruction to the liver, and toxins (medications and chemicals). Symptoms of liver disease depends upon the cause; however, common symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, upper right abdominal pain, and jaundice. Treatment depends upon the cause of the liver disease.
Alcoholism is a disease that includes alcohol craving and continued drinking despite repeated alcohol-related problems, such as losing a job or getting into trouble with the law.
The liver is the largest solid organ in the body, and is actually an gland. The liver has a wide variety of critical functions such as manufacturing proteins and metabolizing fats and carbohydrates. The liver also eliminates harmful biochemical waste products from the body (alcohol, drugs, toxins). The liver secretes bile that aids in digestion. Examples of diseases of the liver include cirrhosis, hepatitis, cancer, and fatty liver. Symptoms of liver disease include bleeding, easy bruising, edema, fatigue, and jaundice.
Coma is the inability to waken or react to the surrounding environment. The Glasgow Coma Scale is frequently used to measure the depth of coma. Causes of coma include trauma, bleeding, edema, lack of oxygen, poisoning, or hypoglycemia. Prognosis for a patient in a coma depends on the cause of the coma.
The liver is the largest solid organ in the body, weighing on average
about 3.5 pounds.
The liver carries out a large number of critical functions, including
manufacture of essential proteins, and metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
The liver also serves to eliminate harmful biochemical waste products
and detoxify alcohol, certain drugs, and environmental toxins.
The liver forms and secretes bile that contains bile acids to aid in the
digestion and intestinal absorption (taking in) of fats and the fat-soluble
vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Diseases that may affect the liver include hepatitis (inflammation of
the liver), cirrhosis (scarring),
fatty liver, and liver cancer
(hepatocellular carcinoma).
Symptoms of liver disease may include bleeding or
easy bruising,
swelling, fatigue, and
jaundice (yellow color...
John is a gentleman with a delightful sense of humor, a successful
businessman, a loving husband, and a proud father of two beautiful children. I
first met him more than 10 years ago in a local hospital. (Both of us were under 40 years of age.) I was asked by his internist to help manage John's serious liver disease. The way in which he developed his liver disease
demonstrates how ordinarily-safe, over-the-counter (OTC) medications can be
deadly when used improperly and the potentially serious nature of adverse
interactions among drugs and of drugs with food.
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