Swallowing Problems
Swallowing problems overview
The swallowing tract extends from the mouth to the stomach. The act of
swallowing normally occurs in three phases. In the first phase, food or liquid
is contained in the mouth by the tongue and palate (oral cavity). This phase is
the only one we can control.
The second phase of swallowing begins when the brain makes the decision to
swallow. At this point, a complex series of reflexes begin. The food is thrust
from the oral cavity into the throat (pharynx). At the same time, two other
events occur: A muscular valve at the bottom of the pharynx opens, allowing food
to enter the swallowing tube (esophagus), and other muscles close the airway
(trachea) to prevent food from entering the airways. This second phase of
swallowing takes less than half a second.
The third phase of swallowing begins when food enters the esophagus. The
esophagus, which is about nine inches long, is a muscular tube that produces
waves of coordinated contractions (peristalsis). As the esophagus contracts, a
muscular valve at the end of the esophagus opens and food is propelled into the
stomach. The third phase of swallowing takes six to eight seconds to complete.
Thus, swallowing is a very complex act, requiring the normal function of the
brain, several nerves and muscles, and two muscular valves, as well as an open,
unconstricted esophagus.
A wide range of diseases can impair swallowing, including:
Next: How do I know if I have a swallowing problem? »
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