Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.
Hysteroscopic sterilization is a nonsurgical form of permanent birth control
in which a physician inserts a 4-centimeter (1.6 inch) long metal coil into each
one of a woman's two Fallopian tubes via a scope passed through the cervix into
the uterus (hysteroscope), and from there into the openings of the Fallopian
tubes. Over the next few months, tissue grows over the coil to form a plug that
prevents fertilized eggs from traveling from the ovaries to the uterus.
The procedure takes about 30 minutes, can be done in a doctor's office, and
usually requires only a local anesthetic. During a 3-month period after the
coils are inserted, women must use other forms of birth control until their
physician verifies by an imaging test known as a hysterosalpingogram
(HSG) that
the Fallopian tubes are completely blocked.
Like tubal ligation, this form of sterilization is permanent (not reversible)
and is designed as an alternative to surgical sterilization which requires
general anesthesia and an incision. About 6% of women who have the procedure
develop side effects, mainly due to improper placement of the coils.
This form of sterilization, like other methods of surgical sterilization,
does not protect a woman or her partner from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of a woman's
uterus and, depending on her overall health status and the reason for the
operation, perhaps her ovaries
as well. No woman who has had a hysterectomy can become pregnant; it is an
irreversible method of birth control and absolute sterilization. A laparoscopic
hysterectomy (removal of the uterus through tiny incisions in the abdomen
through which instruments are placed) is possible when there are no
complications and no suspicion of cancer. A partial hysterectomy, which spares
the cervix and removes the upper part of the uterus, is also a common surgical
technique.
If a woman has other chronic medical problems that may be
helped by a hysterectomy (such as abnormally
excessive menstrual bleeding,
uterine fibroids,
uterine growths), than this
may be an appropriate procedure for her to consider. Otherwise, contraception
should be considered a secondary benefit and not a sole reason to have the
procedure.
REFERENCES:
Peterson HB, Jeng G, Folger SG, Hillis SA, Marchbanks PA, Wilcox LS; U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization Working Group. The risk of menstrual abnormalities after tubal sterilization. U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization Working Group. N Engl J Med. 2000 Dec 7;343(23):1681-7.
Low testosterone can affect both men and women. Causes of low testosterone in males include undescended testicles and injury to the scrotum. Low testosterone in females includes ovary conditions. Treatment for low testosterone in men includes testosterone replacement therapy. Currently there is no FDA approved testosterone treatment for women.
Sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs,
are infections that are transmitted during any type of sexual exposure,
including intercourse (vaginal or anal), oral sex, and the sharing of sexual
devices, such as vibrators. Women can contract all of the STDs, but may have no symptoms, or have different symptoms than men do.
Sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs, are infections that are transmitted during any
type of sexual exposure, including intercourse (vaginal or anal), oral sex, and
the sharing of sexual devices, such as vibrators. Although treatment exists for many STDs, others currently are
usually incurable, such as those caused by HIV, HPV, hepatitis B and C, and HHV-8.
There are a number of different methods of birth control to include: barrier methods, IUDs, hormonal methods, natural methods, and surgical sterilization. Birth control methods can be reversible or permanent. In simple terms, all methods of birth control are based on either preventing a man's sperm from reaching and entering a woman's egg (fertilization) or preventing the fertilized egg from implanting in the woman's uterus (her womb) and starting to grow.
Sexual health information including birth control, impotence, herpes, sexually transmitted diseases, staying healthy, women's sexual health concerns, and men's sexual health concerns. Learn about the most common sexual conditions affecting men and women.
There are four phases to the sexual response for men and women. Couple do not usually reach each phase at the same time, and they are dependant from individual to individual. The four phases of the sexual response cycle include phase 1, excitement; phase 2, plateau; phase 3 orgasm; and phase 4 resolution.
Reproductive health encompasses the beginning of menstruation for women, choosing the right birth control method for you and your partner, preventing contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and for women, ending with the menopausal transition.
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