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What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
ADHD is a chronic biobehavioral disorder that initially manifests in childhood and
is characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention. Not all of
those affected by ADHD manifest all three behavioral categories. These symptoms
can lead to difficulty in academic, emotional, and social functioning. The
diagnosis is established by satisfying specific criteria and may be associated
with other neurological, significant behavioral, and/or developmental/learning
disabilities. Treatment options include the use of medication, behavioral therapy, and
adjustments in day-to-day lifestyle activities.
Studies in the United States indicate approximately 8%-10% of
children satisfy diagnostic criteria for ADHD. ADHD is, therefore, one of the
most common disorders of childhood. ADHD occurs two to four times more commonly
in boys than girls (male to female ratio 4:1 for the predominantly hyperactive
type vs. 2:1 for the predominantly inattentive type). Three subtypes of ADHD are described: (1) predominantly inattentive, (2) predominantly hyperactive and impulsive, and (3) combined. While previously believed to be "outgrown" by adulthood, current opinion indicates that many children will continue throughout life with symptoms that may affect both occupational and social functioning. Some medical researchers note that approximately 40%-50% of ADHD-hyperactive children will have (typically non-hyperactive) symptoms persist into adulthood.