Syphilis - P&S?

"The number and rate of P&S syphilis cases reported in 1998 in the United States are record lows," according to a bulletin from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

What is meant by "P&S syphilis"?

Syphilis is one of the more venerable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It is caused by Treponema pallidum, a microscopic organism called a spirochete. This worm-like, spiral-shaped organism infects people by burrowing into the moist mucous membranes of the mouth or genitals.

The Three Stages of Syphilis

• The first (primary) stage: This involves the formation of the chancre. At this stage, syphilis is highly contagious. The primary stage can last one to five weeks. The disease can be transmitted from any contact with one of the ulcers, which are teeming with spirochetes. If the ulcer is outside of the vagina or on the scrotum, the use of condoms may not help in preventing transmission. Likewise, if the ulcer is in the mouth, merely kissing the infected individual can spread syphilis. Even without treatment, the early infection resolves on its own in most women.
• The second (secondary) stage: However, 25 percent of cases will proceed to the secondary stage of syphilis, which lasts four to six weeks. This phase can include hair loss; a sore throat; white patches in the nose, mouth, and vagina; fever; headaches; and a skin rash. There can be lesions on the genitals that look like genital warts, but are caused by spirochetes rather than the wart virus. These wart-like lesions, as well as the skin rash, are highly contagious. The rash can occur on the palms of the hands, and the infection can be transmitted by casual contact.
• The third (tertiary) stage: This final stage of the disease involves the brain and heart, and is usually no longer contagious. At this point, however, the infection can cause extensive damage to the internal organs and the brain, and can lead to death.

Diagnosis and Treatment

The diagnosis of syphilis is usually made today by a blood test, either the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test. The treatment is with antibiotics.

The Name "Syphilis"

The name "syphilis" was coined by Hieronymus Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro). Fracastorius was a true Renaissance man; he wrote on the temperature of wines, the rise of the Nile, poetry, the mind, and the soul; he was an astronomer, geographer, botanist, mathematician, philosopher and, last but not least in the present context, a physician. In 1530 he published the poem "Syphilis sive morbus gallicus" (Syphilis or the French Disease) in which the name of the disease first appeared. Perhaps more importantly, Fracastorius went on in 1546 to write "On Contagion" ("De contagione et contagiosis morbis et curatione"), the first known discussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection: a landmark in the history of infectious disease.

P&S Syphilis

Returning to "P&S syphilis", what does it mean? It stands for primary and secondary syphilis.

Sources:

1. Primary and Secondary Syphilis -- United States, 1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1999;48:873-878. (Opening quote about the decline of P&S syphilis.)
2. MedicineNet.com's Medical Dictionary entry to "Syphilis." (The cause, stages, diagnosis, treatment and history of syphilis.)