Dr. Ogbru received his Doctorate in Pharmacy from the University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy in 1995. He completed a Pharmacy Practice Residency at the University of Arizona/University Medical Center in 1996. He was a Professor of Pharmacy Practice and a Regional Clerkship Coordinator for the University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy from 1996-99.
Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
BRAND NAME: Benemid (brand is no longer available)
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Probenecid is an oral drug used for reducing
blood uric acid levels in patients with hyperuricemia (high uric acid) and/or.
High uric acid can cause attacks of gout and kidney stones. Probenecid prevents
attacks of gout by reducing uric acid levels in the blood. It does this by
preventing the reabsorption of uric acid by the kidney and increasing its
excretion from the body in the urine. Probenecid also blocks excretion by the
kidney of penicillin and related antibiotics and is used for increasing the
levels of the antibiotics in the blood and increasing their effectiveness when
treating infections.
PRESCRIPTION: Yes
GENERIC AVAILABLE: Yes
PREPARATIONS: Tablets: 0.5 g
STORAGE: Probenecid should be stored at room temperature, 15-30 C
(59-86 F).
PRESCRIBED FOR: Probenecid is used for the treatment of hyperuricemia
associated with gout. It also is used for increasing blood levels of
penicillin-type antibiotics (for example, ampicillin and amoxicillin) when
treating gonorrhea.
DOSING: The usual adult dose for hyperuricemia is 500 mg twice daily
and the maximum dose is 2 grams daily. When combined with penicillin type
antibiotics to treat infections, the usual dose is 500 mg 4 times daily.
Patients should drink plenty of water in order to prevent formation of kidney
stones and take probenecid with food or antacid to reduce stomach upset.
DRUG INTERACTIONS: Probenecid blocks excretion of some drugs by the
kidney and, therefore, may increase blood levels and side effects of
methotrexate (Rheumatrex,
Trexall) and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), for example,
ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Aleve), indomethacin (Indocin),
ketorolac (Toradol)
and others. Aspirin may reduce the action of probenecid through unknown
mechanisms.
PREGNANCY: Probenecid has not been adequately studied in
pregnant
women.
NURSING MOTHERS: Probenecid has not been adequately studied in
nursing
mothers.
SIDE EFFECTS: Common side effects of probenecid include headache,
dizziness, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, sore gums, and fever. Probenecid may
cause a flare of gout and kidney stones, and it is not started during an acute
attack of gout. Serious but rare side effects include reduced red blood cell
counts (anemia), liver damage and severe allergic reactions.
One in every 20 people develop a kidney stone at some point in their life. A kidney stone is a hard mineral and crystalline material formed within the kidney or urinary tract. Kidney stones symptoms and signs are, blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen, flank (lower back), or groin. A number of different conditions can lead to kidney stones including: gout, hypercalciuria, people with inflammatory bowel disease, kidney disease, and hypoparathyroidism. Some medications also increase the risk of kidney stones.
Gout is a condition that results from crystals of uric acid depositing in tissues of the body. Gout is a condition that can lead to abnormally elevated levels of uric acid in the
blood, recurring attacks of joint inflammation (arthritis), deposits of
hard lumps of uric acid in and around the joints, and decreased kidney
function and kidney stones.
Sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs,
are infections that are transmitted during any type of sexual exposure,
including intercourse (vaginal or anal), oral sex, and the sharing of sexual
devices, such as vibrators. Women can contract all of the STDs, but may have no symptoms, or have different symptoms than men do.
Sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs, are infections that are transmitted during any
type of sexual exposure, including intercourse (vaginal or anal), oral sex, and
the sharing of sexual devices, such as vibrators. Although treatment exists for many STDs, others currently are
usually incurable, such as those caused by HIV, HPV, hepatitis B and C, and HHV-8.
Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection transmitted during sexual contact. In women, symptoms include a yellow vaginal discharge, burning or frequent urination, and redness, swelling, burning and itching of the vaginal area. Gonorrhea can be treated with injectable (penicillin) or oral medications.
When you are pregnant, many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be especially harmful to you and your baby. These STDs include herpes, HIV/AIDS, genital warts (HPV), hepatitis B, chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. Symptoms include bumps, sores, warts, swelling, itching, or redness in the genital region. Treatment of STDs while pregnant depends on how far along you are in the pregnancy and the progression of the infection.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that can be
transferred from one person to another through any type of sexual contact. STDs
are sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) since they
involve the transmission of a disease-causing organism from one person to
another during sexual activity. It is important to realize that sexual contact
includes more than just sexual intercourse (vaginal and anal). Sexual contact
includes kissing, oral-genital contact, and the use of sexual "toys," such as
vibrators. STDs probably have been around for thousands of years, but the most
dangerous of these conditions, the
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has only been recognized since
1984.
Many STDs are treatable, but effective cures are lacking
for others, such as HIV, HPV, and hepatitis B and C. Even gonorrhea, once easily
cured, has become resistant to many of the ol...
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