Related Diseases - Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD, Peripheral Artery Disease, PAD)- Causes, Symptoms, Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment

Peripheral Vascular Disease Related Diseases & Conditions

Medical conditions are often related to other diseases and conditions. Our doctors have compiled a list of ailments related to the topic of Peripheral Vascular Disease. These conditions may be a cause or symptom of Peripheral Vascular Disease or be a condition for which you may be at increased risk.

Kidney Failure Kidney failure can occur from an acute event or a chronic condition or disease. Prerenal kidney failure is caused by blood loss,...learn more »
In This Article
Kidney Failure Article
- Kidney failure facts
- What are the kidneys?
- What causes kidney failure?
- What are the symptoms of kidney failure?
- How is kidney failure diagnosed?
- What is the treatment for kidney failure?
- Diet
- Medications
- Dialysis
- Hemodialysis
- Peritoneal dialysis
- Kidney transplantation
- What is the prognosis for someone with kidney failure?
Muscle Cramps Muscle cramps are involuntarily and forcibly contracted muscles that do not relax. Extremely common, any muscles that have...learn more »
In This Article
Muscle Cramps Article
- Muscle cramps facts
- What are muscle cramps?
- What are the types and causes of muscle cramps?
- Do all muscle cramps fit into the above categories?
- Can medications cause muscle cramps?
- Can vitamin deficiencies cause muscle cramps?
- Can poor circulation cause muscle cramps?
- What are the symptoms of common muscle cramps? How are muscle cramps diagnosed?
- What is the treatment of skeletal muscle cramps?
- How can muscle cramps be prevented?
- Are there particular concerns for older adults?
- Are there medications to prevent muscle cramps?
- What is the prognosis of recurrent muscle cramps?
Blood Clots Blood clots can occur in the venous and arterial vascular system. Blood clots can form in the heart, legs, arteries, veins,...learn more »
In This Article
Blood Clots Article
- Blood clot facts
- What are blood clots?
- What causes blood clots?
- What does a blood clot look like?
- What are the risk factors for blood clots?
- What types and conditions are caused by blood clots?
- What are the symptoms of blood clots?
- How are blood clots diagnosed?
- What is the treatment for blood clots?
- What are the complications of blood clots?
- How can blood clots be prevented?
Corns Corns and calluses are sometimes painful areas of thickened skin that appear between the toes and fingers or on the soles of the...learn more »
In This Article
Corns Article
- Corns and calluses facts
- What are corns and calluses?
- Why do corns and calluses develop?
- What are risk factors for corns and calluses?
- What are symptoms and signs of corns and calluses?
- How are corns and calluses diagnosed?
- How can corns and calluses be treated?
- When should you seek professional treatment for corns and calluses?
- What is the prognosis for corns and calluses?
- How can corns and calluses be prevented?
Diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2) Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. The two types of diabetes...learn more »
In This Article
Diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2) Article
- Diabetes facts
- What is diabetes?
- What is the impact of diabetes?
- What causes diabetes?
- What are the different types of diabetes?
- Type 1 diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes
- Other types of diabetes
- What are diabetes symptoms?
- How is diabetes diagnosed?
- Why is blood sugar checked at home?
- What are the acute complications of diabetes?
- What are the chronic complications of diabetes?
- What can be done to slow diabetes complications?
Lupus Systemic lupus erythematosus is a condition characterized by chronic inflammation of body tissues caused by autoimmune disease....learn more »
In This Article
Lupus Article
- Systemic lupus erythematosus facts
- What is systemic lupus erythematosus? What are the types of lupus?
- What causes systemic lupus erythematosus? Is lupus hereditary?
- What is drug-induced lupus?
- What are lupus symptoms and signs?
- How is systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosed?
- What is the treatment for systemic lupus?
- How can a lupus patient help prevent disease activity (flares)?
- How can systemic lupus erythematosus affect pregnancy or the newborn?
- What does the future hold for people with systemic lupus?
- Where can one get more information about systemic lupus erythematosus?
Stroke A stroke results from impaired oxygen delivery to brain cells via the bloodstream. A stroke is also referred to as a CVA, or...learn more »
In This Article
Stroke Article
- Stroke facts
- What is a stroke?
- What causes a stroke?
- What are the risk factors for stroke?
- What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
- What is the impact of strokes?
- What are stroke symptoms?
- What should be done if you suspect you or someone else is having a stroke?
- How is a stroke diagnosed?
- What is the treatment of a stroke?
- Is surgical treatment done for strokes?
- What complications can occur after a stroke?
- What can be done to prevent a stroke?
- What is in the future for stroke treatment?
Angina Angina is chest pain that is due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle. Angina can be caused by coronary artery...learn more »
In This Article
Angina Article
- Angina facts
- Introduction to angina
- What is angina and what are the symptoms of angina?
- What causes angina?
- What are other causes of chest pain?
- Why is it important to establish the diagnosis of angina?
- How is angina diagnosed?
- What are the treatment options for angina patients?
- Angina medications
- Angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery
- What's new in the evaluation of angina?
- What's new in the treatment of angina and heart attacks?
Stress Stress occurs when forces from the outside world impinge on the individual. Stress is a normal part of life. However,...learn more »
In This Article
Stress Article
- What is stress?
- A brief history of stress
- What are the signs and symptoms of poorly managed stress?
- Who is most vulnerable to stress?
- Teen stress
- What is the healthy response to stress?
- How does the response to stress work?
- What is the role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (grouping) in stress?
- What is the role of the locus coeruleus in stress?
- How do the connections in the brain work in stress?
- What do we know about using (activating) and overusing our internal systems that respond to stress?
- What are the effects of stress on medical and psychological conditions?
- Conclusions about the effects of stress
- How can we manage stress?
- What's in the future for stress?
- Stress At A Glance
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a ballooning or widening of the main artery (the aorta) as it courses down through the abdomen. Most...learn more »
In This Article
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Article
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm facts
- What is an aneurysm?
- What is an aortic aneurysm?
- What is the thoracic and abdominal aorta?
- Where do aortic aneurysms tend to develop?
- What shape are most aortic aneurysms?
- What is inside an aortic aneurysm?
- Who is most likely to have an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
- What are risk factors of aortic aneurysms?
- What is the most common cause of aortic aneurysms?
- What are other causes of aortic aneurysms?
- What are the symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
- How is an abdominal aortic aneurysm diagnosed clinically?
- What tests help in the diagnosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
- What is the natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
- What are the complications with an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
- How are abdominal aortic aneurysms repaired?
- What is done if an abdominal aortic aneurysm threatens to rupture?
- What is the medical management (nonsurgical management) of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Cholesterol Cholesterol is naturally produced by the body, and is a building block for cell membranes and hormones. Low-density lipoprotein...learn more »
In This Article
Cholesterol Article
- Cholesterol Levels facts
- What is cholesterol?
- What are LDL and HDL cholesterol?
- What determines the level of LDL cholesterol in the blood?
- Does lowering LDL cholesterol prevent heart attacks and strokes?
- How can LDL cholesterol levels be lowered?
- What are the current NCEP cholesterol treatment guidelines?
- Why is HDL the good cholesterol?
- What are triglycerides and VLDL?
- What medications are available to lower cholesterol, lipids, and triglycerides?
- Is lowering LDL cholesterol enough?
Insulin Resistance Insulin resistance is the diminished ability of cells to respond to the action of insulin in transporting glucose (sugar) from...learn more »
In This Article
Insulin Resistance Article
- Insulin resistance facts
- What is insulin resistance?
- What causes insulin resistance?
- What is the relationship between insulin resistance and diabetes?
- What medical conditions are associated with insulin resistance?
- Who is at risk for insulin resistance?
- How is insulin resistance diagnosed?
- How is insulin resistance managed?
- Lifestyle changes (diet, weight loss, exercise)
- Medications
- What's new in insulin resistance?
Connective Tissue Disease Connective tissue disease is when the body's connective tissues come under attack, possibly becoming injured by inflammation....learn more »
In This Article
Connective Tissue Disease Article
- What is a connective tissue disease?
- What causes connective tissue disease?
- What are symptoms and signs of a connective tissue disease?
- How are connective tissue diseases diagnosed?
- What are genetic risk factors for developing connective tissue disease?
- What autoimmune diseases are associated with connective tissue disease?
Chest Pain Chest pain is a common complaint by a patient in the ER. Causes of chest pain include broken or bruised ribs, pleurisy,...learn more »
In This Article
Chest Pain Article
- Chest pain facts
- Chest pain introduction
- What are the sources of chest pain?
- What are the causes of chest pain?
- How is chest pain diagnosed?
- What is the philosophy of the approach to chest pain diagnosis?
- What is the diagnosis and treatment for chest pain?
- Broken or bruised ribs
- Costochondritis
- Pleuritis or pleurisy
- Pneumothorax
- Shingles
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary embolism
- Angina and heart attack (myocardial infarction)
- Pericarditis
- Aorta and aortic dissection
- Esophagus and reflux esophagitis
- Referred abdominal pain
Raynaud's Phenomenon Raynaud's phenomenon is characterized by a pale-blue-red sequence of color changes of the digits, most commonly after exposure to...learn more »
In This Article
Raynaud's Phenomenon Article
- Raynaud's phenomenon facts
- What is Raynaud's phenomenon?
- What causes Raynaud's phenomenon?
- What conditions have been associated with Raynaud's phenomenon?
- What are Raynaud's phenomenon symptoms and signs?
- How is Raynaud's phenomenon diagnosed?
- What is the treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon?
- What is the prognosis (outlook) for Raynaud's phenomenon?
- Can Raynaud's phenomenon by prevented?
Heart Attack Heart attack happens when a blood clot completely obstructs a coronary artery supplying blood to the heart muscle. A heart...learn more »
In This Article
Heart Attack Article
- Heart attack facts
- What is a heart attack?
- What causes a heart attack?
- What are the symptoms of a heart attack?
- What are the complications of a heart attack?
- What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis and heart attack?
- How is a heart attack diagnosed?
- What is the treatment for heart attack?
- What about heart attacks in women?
- What are the risk factors for heart attack in women?
- What are the symptoms of heart attack in women and how is heart attack diagnosed?
- How is heart attack in women treated?
- What about hormone therapy and heart attack in women?
- What is new in heart attack?
Vasculitis Vasculitis is a general term for a group of uncommon diseases which feature inflammation of the blood vessels. Each form of...learn more »
In This Article
Vasculitis Article
- What is vasculitis?
- What causes vasculitis and what are examples of diseases with vasculitis?
- How is vasculitis diagnosed?
- How is vasculitis treated?
- Vasculitis At A Glance
- Related vasculitis article
  Vasculitis - on eMedicineHealth
Claudication Intermittent claudication, or pain and cramping in the lower leg is caused by inadequate blood flow to the leg muscles. This lack...learn more »
In This Article
Claudication Article
- What is claudication?
- What are the causes of claudication?
- What are the symptoms of claudication?
- Why does claudication come and go?
- What can cause the artery narrowing that leads to claudication?
- Who typically is affected by claudication?
- What are the risk factors for claudication and peripheral vascular disease?
- How is claudication diagnosed?
- How is claudication treated?
- Can claudication be prevented?
- What is the prognosis and treatment for patients with intermittent claudication?
Lymphedema Lymphedema is a condition in which one or more extremities become swollen as the result of an impaired flow of the lymphatic...learn more »
In This Article
Lymphedema Article
- Lymphedema facts
- What is lymphedema?
- What causes lymphedema?
- What are the symptoms of lymphedema?
- How is lymphedema diagnosed?
- What are possible treatments for lymphedema?
- What are complications of lymphedema?
- Can lymphedema be prevented?
- What is the prognosis for lymphedema?
- Where can one get help and support for lymphedema?
Obesity Obesity is the state of being well above one's normal weight. A person has traditionally been considered to be obese if they are...learn more »
In This Article
Obesity Article
- Obesity facts
- What is obesity?
- How common is obesity?
- What are the health risks associated with obesity?
- What causes obesity?
- What are other factors associated with obesity?
- How is body fat measured?
- What about weight-for-height tables?
- What is the body mass index (BMI)?
- Does it matter where body fat is located?
- What can be done about obesity?
- What is the role of physical activity and exercise in obesity?
- What is the role of diet in the treatment of obesity?
- What is the role of medication in the treatment of obesity?
- What about herbal fen/phen?
- What about meal substitutes, artificial sweeteners, and OTC products?
- What is the role of surgery in the treatment of obesity?
- How can patients choose a safe and successful weight-loss program?
Heart Disease Heart disease (coronary artery disease) is caused by a buildup of cholesterol deposits in the coronary arteries. Risk factors for...learn more »
In This Article
Heart Disease Article
- Heart disease facts
- Introduction to heart disease
- What are the risk factors for heart disease?
- What are the symptoms of heart disease?
- How is heart disease diagnosed?
- Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- Stress testing
- Echocardiography
- Perfusion studies
- Computerized tomography
- Heart catheterization or coronary angiography
- What is the treatment for heart disease?
- Prevention of heart disease
- Modifying risk factors for heart disease
- Medications for heart disease
- Angioplasty and stents for heart disease
- Surgery for heart disease
Diabetes Treatment The major goal in treating diabetes is controlling elevated blood sugar without causing abnormally low levels of blood sugar....learn more »
In This Article
Diabetes Treatment Article
- What is the treatment for diabetes?
- Medications for type 2 diabetes
- Sulfonylureas
- Meglitinides - (Prandin and Starlix)
- Medications that decrease the amount of glucose produced by the liver
- Medications that increase glucose excretion by the kidney
- Medications that increase the sensitivity of cells to insulin (Actos and Avandia)
- Medications that decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine (Precose)
- Medications that affect glycemic control (Symlin, Byetta, Victoza, Bydureon)
- DPP-IV inhibitors
- Combination medications
- Treatment of diabetes with insulin
- Different methods of delivering insulin
- Pre-filled insulin pens
- Insulin pump
- Inhaled Insulin
- Intranasal, Transderm
- Diabetes diet
- The future of pancreas transplantation
Gangrene Gangrene may result when blood flow to a tissue is lost or not adequate to keep the tissue alive. There are two types of...learn more »
In This Article
Gangrene Article
- Gangrene facts
- What is gangrene?
- What is the difference between wet and dry gangrene?
- What causes gangrene?
- What are gangrene symptoms and signs?
- How is gangrene diagnosed?
- How is gangrene treated?
- How can gangrene be prevented?
- What is the prognosis (outlook) for a patient with gangrene?
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA, Mini-Stroke) When a portion of the brain loses blood supply, through a blood clot or embolus, a transient ischemic attack (TIA, mini-stroke)...learn more »
In This Article
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA, Mini-Stroke) Article
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA) facts
- What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
- What are the causes of transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
- What are the risk factors for transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
- What are the symptoms of transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
- How is transient ischemic attack (TIA) diagnosed?
- What is the treatment for transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
- What is the prognosis for transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Smoking (How to Quit Smoking) Smoking is an addiction. More than 430,000 deaths occur each year in the U.S. from smoking related illnesses. Secondhand smoke or...learn more »
In This Article
Smoking (How to Quit Smoking) Article
- Smoking and quitting smoking facts
- What problems are caused by smoking?
- What is addictive disease and why is smoking considered addictive?
- What are the signs of cigarette addiction?
- Why should someone quit smoking?
- What are the steps in quitting?
- Getting ready to quit smoking
- On the day you quit smoking
- Staying quit
- What methods can help a person quit smoking?
- Behavioral modification and self-help literature to quit smoking
- Nicotine replacement therapy to quit smoking
- What prescription products are available for smoking cessation?
- How are nicotine-containing products used safely?
- What is in the future for smoking?
Diabetes and Foot Problems Diabetes related foot problems can affect your health with two problems: diabetic neuropathy, where diabetes affects the nerves,...learn more »
In This Article
Diabetes and Foot Problems Article
- Diabetes and foot problems facts
- How can diabetes cause foot problems?
- What are examples and symptoms of foot problems caused by diabetes?
- How are foot problems caused by diabetes treated?
- Can diabetes-related foot problems be prevented?
- What is the prognosis for diabetes-related foot problems?
Aseptic Necrosis Aseptic necrosis (avascular necrosis or osteonecrosis) is a condition that develops when blood supply diminishes to an area of...learn more »
In This Article
Aseptic Necrosis Article
- Aseptic necrosis facts
- What is aseptic necrosis?
- What causes aseptic necrosis?
- What are risk factors for aseptic necrosis?
- What are symptoms of aseptic necrosis?
- How is aseptic necrosis diagnosed?
- What is the treatment for aseptic necrosis?
- What is the prognosis of aseptic necrosis?
- Can aseptic necrosis be prevented?
Prevention Enjoying a healthy diet helps to prevent diseases. A good diet also helps to control celiac disease, diabetes, and high blood...learn more »
In This Article
Prevention Article
- Maintaining health
- Preventing and controlling diseases
- Vitamins and minerals to maintain health
- Vitamin supplements to prevent diseases
- Diets to control and or treat disease
Fitness Regular physical activity can reduce the risk of disease. Regular exercise can also reduce the symptoms of stress and anxiety....learn more »
In This Article
Fitness Article
- The importance of physical activity and fitness
- Why should I be active?
- Can everyone benefit from physical activity?
- What are the recommendations for increasing fitness for youth, adults, and seniors?
- How do I get started with a fitness plan?
- When is a medical evaluation necessary?
- How can I make physical activity a part of my life?
- What are the components of physical fitness?
- Fitness terms
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Heart Attack Prevention Series Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that help decrease one's cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as reduce the risk of...learn more »
In This Article
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Heart Attack Prevention Series Article
- What are fats, fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acid?
- What are the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids?
- What is the scientific evidence behind omega-3 fatty acids?
- Recommendations to prevent heart attacks
Carotid Artery Disease The term carotid artery disease refers to the narrowing of the carotid arteries and can also be called carotid stenosis. Fatty...learn more »
In This Article
Carotid Artery Disease Article
- Carotid artery disease introduction
- How does carotid artery disease happen?
- What are the risk factors for carotid artery disease?
- What are the symptoms of carotid artery disease?
- What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
- How is carotid artery disease diagnosed
- What's the treatment for carotid artery disease?
- What are the recommended lifestyle changes for carotid artery disease?
- Which drugs can reduce the risk of stroke?
- What medical procedures treat carotid artery disease
Vitamins & Exercise: Heart Attack Prevention Series Vitamins and exercise can lower your risk for heart attack and heart disease. Folic acid, vitamins, and homocysteine levels are...learn more »
In This Article
Vitamins & Exercise: Heart Attack Prevention Series Article
- Folic acid, B vitamins, and homocysteine
- What about antioxidants for heart attack prevention?
- How about exercise for heart attack prevention?
- What about smoking cessation for heart attack prevention?
- Recommendations to prevent heart attacks
Smoking and Heart Disease Smoking increases the risk of heart disease in women and men. Nicotine in cigarettes decrease oxygen to the heart, increases...learn more »
In This Article
Smoking and Heart Disease Article
- Smoking and heart disease introduction
- How does smoking increase heart disease risk?
- How can quitting smoking be helpful?
- How to quit smoking
- What should I do first to stop smoking?
- How can I avoid smoking again?
- How will I feel when I quit smoking?