MRSA Infection
(Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)

Medical Author: Charles Davis, MD, PhD
Medical Editor: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD

• What is methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
• What are the signs and symptoms of MRSA infection?
• How is MRSA infection transmitted?
• How is MRSA diagnosed?
• How can people prevent MRSA infection?
• Can people die from MRSA infections?
• If MRSA is so resistant to many antibiotics, how is it treated or cured?
• Where are other MRSA information sources?
• Related MRSA article on WebMD:
  MRSA (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Superbug Staph Spread in Community Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD Medical Editor: Barbara K. Hecht, PhD MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is a bacterium that can cause serious infections. It is resistant to numerous antibiotics of the beta-lactam family, including methicillin and penicillin. MRSA belongs to the large group of bacteria known as Staphylococci, often referred to as Staph. About 25%-30% of all people have Staph within the nose, but it normally does not cause an infection. In contrast, only about 1% of the population have MRSA. Infections with MRSA are most common in hospitals and other institutional health-care settings, such as nursing homes, where they tend to strike older people, those who are very ill, and people with a weakened immune system. In health-care settings, MRSA is a frequent cause of surgical wound infections, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections (sepsis), and pneumonia. MRSA outbreaks, however, are appearing increasingly in the community. Infections can occur in people who have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure performed in the past year, and who do not have immune deficiency. These infections are termed community-associated MRSA infections (CA-MRSA). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that about 12% of MRSA infections are now community-associated, but this percentage can vary by community and patient population. Learn about symptoms of MRSA infections » Top Searched MRSA Infection Terms: staph infection, super bug, pneumonia, care and treatment, what does MRSA stand for, how is MRSA spread, information, can you die from MRSA, diagnose, staph aureus, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, symptoms, MRSA picture slideshow

What is methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA?

MRSA stands for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. This organism is known for causing skin infections, in addition to many other types of infections. There are other designations in the scientific literature for these bacteria according to where the bacteria are acquired by patients, such as community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), and hospital-acquired MRSA or epidemic MRSA (EMRSA).

Although S. aureus has been causing infections (staph infections) probably as long as the human race has existed, MRSA has a relatively short history. MRSA was first noted in 1961, about two years after the antibiotic methicillin was initially used to treat S. aureus and other infectious bacteria. The resistance to methicillin was due to a penicillin-binding protein coded for by a mobile genetic element termed the methicillin resistant gene (mecA). In recent years, the gene has continued to evolve so that many MRSA strains are currently resistant to several different antibiotics. S. aureus is sometimes termed a "superbug" because of its ability to become resistant to several antibiotics. Unfortunately, MRSA can be found worldwide.

What are the signs and symptoms of MRSA infection?

Most MRSA infections are skin infections that produce the following signs and symptoms:

• cellulitis (infection of the skin or the fat and tissues that lie immediately beneath the skin, usually starting as small red bumps in the skin),



• boils (pus-filled infections of hair follicles),



• abscesses (collections of pus in under the skin),



• sty (infection of eyelid gland),



• carbuncles (infections larger than an abscess, usually with several openings to the skin),
and


• impetigo (a skin infection with pus-filled blisters).

What does MRSA look like?

One major problem with MRSA is that occasionally the skin infection can spread to almost any other organ in the body. When this happens, more severe symptoms develop. MRSA that spreads to internal organs can become life-threatening. Fever, chills, low blood pressure, joint pains, severe headaches, shortness of breath, and "rash over most of the body" are symptoms that need immediate medical attention, especially when associated with skin infections.

From the Doctors at MedicineNet.com

Skin Biopsy - Read about the skin biopsy procedure and what to expect if your doctor orders this procedure for a lesion. Source:MedicineNet Low Blood Pressure - Learn about low blood pressure (hypotension). Low blood pressure is blood pressure below normal and symptoms may include: lightheadedness, dizziness, fainting upon standing (orthostatic hypotension). There are many causes of low blood pressure, and treatment is dependant upon the cause. Source:MedicineNet Rash - Learn about the various skin conditions referred to as a rash. Source:MedicineNet Read 52 more MRSA Infection related articles ... Could Clay Block MRSA? Some Facelift Patients Infected With MRSA 'Superbug' Gator Blood May Be New Source of Antibiotics MRSA: Experts Answer Your Questions Cat Got Your MRSA? Community-Based Staph Pneumonia More Common Than Thought Review Urges Aggressive MRSA Screening for Health Workers More U.S. Deaths from MRSA Than AIDS MRSA Infections Can Be Flesh Eaters Drug-Resistant Staph a Growing Problem