Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
Complicated migraines are migraines that are accompanied by neurological
dysfunction. The part of the body that is affected by the dysfunction is
determined by the part of the brain that is responsible for the headache.
Vertebrobasilar migraines are characterized by dysfunction of the brainstem (the
lower part of the brain that is responsible for automatic activities like
consciousness and balance).
The symptoms of vertebrobasilar migraines include:
The paralysis or weakness
is usually temporary, but sometimes it can last for days.
Retinal, or ocular, migraines are rare attacks characterized by repeated instances of scotomata (blind spots) or blindness on one side, lasting less than an hour, that can be associated with headache. Irreversible vision loss can be a complication of this rare form of migraine.
How is a migraine headache diagnosed?
Migraine headaches are usually diagnosed when the symptoms described previously are present. Migraine generally begins in childhood to early adulthood. While migraines can first occur in an individual beyond the age of fifty, advancing age makes other types of headaches more likely. A family history usually is present, suggesting a genetic predisposition in migraine sufferers. The examination of individuals with migraine attacks usually is normal.
Patients with the first headache ever, worst headache ever, a significant change in the characteristics of headache or an association of the headache with nervous system symptoms, like visual or hearing or sensory loss, may require additional tests to exclude diseases other than migraine. The tests
may include blood testing, brain scanning (either CT or
MRI), and a
spinal tap.
.
How are migraine headaches treated?
Treatment includes therapies that may or may not involve medications.
Non-medication therapies for migraine
Therapy that does not involve medications can provide symptomatic and
preventative therapy.
Using ice, biofeedback, and relaxation techniques may be
helpful in stopping an attack once it has started.
Preventing migraine takes motivation for the patient to make some
life changes. Patients are educated as to triggering factors that can be
avoided. These triggers include:
avoiding certain foods especially
those high in tyramine such as sharp cheeses or those containing sulphites (wines) or
nitrates (nuts, pressed meats).
Generally, leading a healthy life-style with
good nutrition, an adequate intake of fluids, sufficient sleep and exercise may be
useful. Acupuncture has been suggested to be a useful therapy.
Medication for migraine
Individuals with occasional mild migraine headaches that
do not interfere with daily activities usually medicate themselves with
over-the-counter (OTC or non-prescription) pain relievers (analgesics). Many OTC
analgesics are available. OTC analgesics have been shown to be safe and
effective for short-term relief of headache (as well as muscle aches, pains, menstrual cramps
, and fever) when used according to the instructions on their
labels.
Acetaminophen reduces pain
and fever by acting on pain centers in the brain. Acetaminophen is well
tolerated and generally is considered easier on the stomach than NSAIDs.
However, acetaminophen can cause severe liver damage in high (toxic) doses or if
used on a regular basis over extended periods of time. In individuals who
regularly consume moderate or large amounts of alcohol, acetaminophen can cause
serious damage to the liver in lower doses that usually are not toxic.
Acetaminophen also can damage the kidneys when taken in large doses. Therefore,
acetaminophen should not be taken more frequently or in larger doses than
recommended on the package label.
NSAIDS
The two types of NSAIDs are 1) aspirin and 2) non-aspirin.
Examples of non-aspirin NSAIDs are ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin, Motrin
IB, and Medipren) and naproxen
(Aleve). Some NSAIDs are available by prescription only. Prescription NSAIDs are
usually prescribed to treat arthritis and other inflammatory
conditions such as bursitis,
tendonitis, etc. The difference between OTC and prescription NSAIDs usually is
the amount of the active ingredient contained in each pill. For example, OTC naproxen (Aleve) contains 220 mg
of naproxen per pill, whereas prescription naproxen (Naprosyn) contains 375 or
500 mg of naproxen per pill.
NSAIDs relieve pain by reducing the inflammation that causes the pain (they
are called nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or NSAIDs because they are
different from corticosteroids such as
prednisone, prednisolone, and cortisone which
also reduce inflammation). Corticosteroids, though valuable in reducing
inflammation, have predictable and potentially serious side effects, especially
when used long-term. Their full effects also require hours or days. NSAIDs do not have the same side effects that
corticosteroids have and their onset of action is faster.
Aspirin, Aleve, Motrin, and Advil all are NSAIDs and are similarly effective
in relieving pain and fever. The main difference between aspirin and non-aspirin
NSAIDs is their effect on platelets, the small particles in blood
that cause blood clots to form. Aspirin prevents the platelets from forming
blood clots. Therefore, aspirin can increase bleeding by preventing blood from
clotting though it also can be used therapeutically to
prevent clots from
causing heart attacks and strokes. The non-aspirin NSAIDs also have
antiplatelet effects, but their antiplatelet action does not last as long as
aspirin, i.e. hours rather than days.
Aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine also are available combined in OTC
analgesics for the treatment of headaches including migraine. Examples of such combination
analgesics are Pain-aid, Excedrin, Fioricet, and Fiorinal.
Finding an effective analgesic or analgesic combination often is a process of
trial and error because individuals respond differently to different analgesics.
In general, a person should use the analgesic that has worked in the past. This
will increase the likelihood that an analgesic will be effective and decrease
the risk of side effects.
There are several precautions that should be observed with OTC
analgesics:
Children and teenagers should not use aspirin for the treatment of
headaches, other pain, or fever, because of the risk of developing
Reye's
Syndrome, a life-threatening neurological disease that can lead to
coma and
even death.
People with balance disorders or hearing difficulties should avoid using
aspirin because aspirin may aggravate these conditions.
People taking blood thinners such as
warfarin (Coumadin) should not
take aspirin and non-aspirin NSAIDs without a doctor's supervision because
they add further to the risk of bleeding that is caused by the blood
thinner.
People with active ulcers of the stomach and duodenum should not take
aspirin and non-aspirin NSAIDs because they can increase the risk of bleeding
from the ulcer and impair healing of the ulcer.
People with advanced liver disease should not take aspirin and non-aspirin
NSAIDs because they may impair kidney function. Deterioration of kidney
function in these patients can lead to
failure of the kidneys.
OTC or prescription analgesics should not be overused. Overuse of
analgesics can lead to the development of tolerance (increasing
ineffectiveness of the analgesic) and rebound headaches (return of the
headache as soon as the effect of the analgesic wears off, usually in the
early morning hours). Thus, overuse of analgesics can lead to a vicious cycle
of more and more analgesics for headaches that respond less and less to
treatment.
Headaches can be divided into two categories: primary headaches and secondary headaches. Migraine headaches, tension headaches, and cluster headaches are considered primary headaches. Secondary headaches are caused by disease. Headache symptoms vary with the headache type. Over-the-counter pain relievers provide short-term relief for most headaches.
A stroke results from impaired oxygen delivery to brain cells via the bloodstream. A stroke is also referred to as a CVA, or cerebrovascular incident. Symptoms of stroke include: sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg. Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding. Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes, sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance, and/or sudden severe headache with no known cause. A TIA, or transient ischemic attack is a short-lived temporary impairment of the brain caused by loss of blood supply. Stroke is a medical emergency.
Fibromyalgia, formerly
known as fibrositis, causes chronic pain, stiffness, and
tenderness of muscles, tendons, and joints without detectable inflammation. Fibromyalgia patients have an unusually low pain threshold. Symptoms of fibromyalgia include fatigue, abnormal sleep, mental/emotional disturbances, abdominal pain, migraine and tension headaches, and irritable bladder. Treatment of fibromyalgia involves patient education, medication, exercise, and stress reduction.
A tension headache is a headache previously thought to be caused by contraction of the muscles in the back of the neck, on the scalp, and sometimes in the jaw. The term tension-type headache is now preferred, reflecting the fact that research has shown that these headaches may not be related to muscle tension.
Sinus headache is caused by a sinus infection or inflammation of the sinus cavities. The primary symptom of a sinus infection is pain and increasing pressure overlying the area and associated tenderness to the touch. Treatment of a sinus headache depends on the cause.
Mercury is a naturally occurring element found in water, soil, and the air. Mercury is also contained in some fish, some of the products we use in the home, school, or dentist. Information about sources of mercury exposure, potential health effects, symptoms of exposure, fish that may contain mercury, consumer products that contain mercury, and ways to reduce your exposure to mercury is important for the health of you, and your family.
Pain management and treatment can be simple or complex, according to its cause. There are two basic types of pain, nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. Some causes of neuropathic pain includes: complex regional pain syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. There are a variety of methods to treat chronic pain, which are dependant on the type of pain experienced.
Chronic pain is pain (an unpleasant sense of discomfort) that persists or progresses over a long period of time. In contrast to acute pain that arises suddenly in response to a specific injury and is usually treatable, chronic pain persists over time and is often resistant to medical treatments.
The term cluster headache is a type of headache that recurs over a period of time. There are episodes that last one to three times a day during a period of time, which may last from 2 weeks to 3 months. There are three main types of treatment abortive medications, preventive medications, or surgery which involves blocking the trigeminal nerve.
Double vision (diplopia) is a symptom that my indicate Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, diabetes, cataracts, aneurysm, brain tumor, or migraine. Symptoms and signs include eye pain, droopy eyelids, nausea, headache, and a cross-eyed appearance. Treatment of double vision depends upon the underlying cause.
Kids get headaches and migraines too. Many adults with headaches started having them as kids, in fact, 20% of adult headache sufferers say their headaches started before age 10, and 50% report their headaches started before age 20.
Migraine RSS
Healthy Living Tips
This site complies with the