1. Take the Headaches Quiz
2. A Visual Guide to Migraine Headaches Slideshow Pictures
3. Headache and Migraine Triggers Slideshow Pictures

Medical Author:

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.

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Medical Editor:

Jay W. Marks, MD

Jay W. Marks, MD

Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.

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In this Article

• What is a migraine headache?
• What are the symptoms of migraine headaches?
• What are some of the variants of migraine headaches?
• How is a migraine headache diagnosed?
• How are migraine headaches treated?
• What is the treatment for moderate to severe migraine headaches?
• What other medications are used for treating migraine headaches?
• How are migraine headaches prevented?
• What are migraine triggers?
• What should migraine sufferers do?
• What are prophylactic medications for migraine headaches?
• What is the proper way to use preventive medications?
• What is the treatment for menstrual migraine?
• Conclusions
• Take the Headaches Quiz
• A Visual Guide to Migraine Headaches - Slideshow
• Headache & Migraine Triggers - Slideshow
• Patient Comments: Migraine Headache - Symptoms
• Patient Comments: Migraine Headache - Effective Treatments
• Patient Comments: Migraine Headache - Medicine
• Patient Comments: Migraine Headache - Causes
• Find a local Neurologist in your town
• Migraine Headache Index

Migraine is a chronic condition with recurrent attacks. Most (but not all) migraine attacks are associated with headaches.

• Migraine headaches usually are described as an intense, throbbing, or pounding pain that involves one temple. (Sometimes the pain is located in the forehead, around the eye, or at the back of the head.)
• The pain usually is unilateral (on one side of the head), although about a third of the time the pain is bilateral (on both sides of the head).
• Migraines typically begin when the sufferer is awake; less commonly, they may awaken the sufferer.
• The unilateral headaches typically change sides from one attack to the next. (In fact, unilateral headaches that always occur on the same side should alert the doctor to consider a secondary headache, for example, one caused by a brain tumor).
• A migraine headache usually is aggravated by daily activities such as walking upstairs.
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, facial pallor, cold hands, cold feet, and sensitivity to light and sound commonly accompany migraine headaches. As a result of this sensitivity to light and sound, migraine sufferers usually prefer to lie in a quiet, dark room during an attack. A typical attack lasts between 4 and 72 hours.

An estimated 40% to 60% of migraine attacks are preceded by premonitory (warning) symptoms lasting hours to days. The symptoms may include:

• sleepiness;
• irritability;
• fatigue;
• depression or euphoria;
• excessive thirst, retention of fluid, and increased urine volume;
• change in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea);
• lethargy or yawning; and
• cravings for sweet or salty foods.

Patients and their family members usually know that when they observe these warning symptoms that a migraine attack is beginning.

Migraine aura

An estimated 20% of migraine headaches are associated with an aura. Usually, the aura precedes the headache, although occasionally it may occur simultaneously with the headache. An aura can involve visual, motor, or other sensory changes. The most common auras are:

1. flashing, brightly colored lights in a zigzag pattern (referred to as fortification spectra), usually starting in the middle of the visual field and progressing outward; and
2. a hole (scotoma) in the visual field, also known as a blind spot. Sometimes this is referred to as a scintillating scotoma (plural=scotomata) referring to its shimmering and irregular borders.

Some elderly migraine sufferers may experience only the visual aura without the headache. A less common aura consists of pins-and-needles sensations in the hand and the arm on one side of the body or pins-and-needles sensations around the mouth and the nose on the same side. Other auras include auditory (hearing) hallucinations and abnormal tastes and smells.

For approximately 24 hours after a migraine attack, the migraine sufferer may feel drained of energy and may experience a low-grade headache along with sensitivity to light and sound. Unfortunately, some sufferers may have recurrences of the headache during this period.