Microcephaly

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• What is microcephaly?
• What causes microcephaly?
• What are the signs and symptoms of microcephaly?
• Is there any treatment for microcephaly?
• What is the prognosis for microcephaly?
• What research is being done on microcephaly?
• For more information

What is microcephaly?

Microcephaly is a medical condition in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal because the brain has not developed properly or has stopped growing. Microcephaly can be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life.

What causes microcephaly?

It is most often caused by genetic abnormalities that interfere with the growth of the cerebral cortex during the early months of fetal development. It is associated with Down's syndrome, chromosomal syndromes, and neurometabolic syndromes. Babies may also be born with microcephaly if, during pregnancy, their mother:

• abused drugs or alcohol,
• became infected with a cytomegalovirus,
• rubella (German measles), or varicella (chickenpox) virus,
• was exposed to certain toxic chemicals, or
• had untreated phenylketonuria (PKU).

Babies born with microcephaly will have a smaller than normal head that will fail to grow as they progress through infancy.

What are the signs and symptoms of microcephaly?

Depending on the severity of the accompanying syndrome, children with microcephaly may have:

• mental retardation,
• delayed motor functions and speech,
• facial distortions,
• dwarfism or short stature,
• hyperactivity,
• seizures,
• difficulties with coordination and balance, and
• other brain or neurological abnormalities.

Some children with microcephaly will have normal intelligence and a head that will grow bigger, but they will track below the normal growth curves for head circumference.

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