Measles (Rubeola)

Medical Author: Edmond Hooker, MD, DrPH
Medical Editor: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD

• What is measles?
• What is rubeola?
• What is rubella?
• What are other names for measles?
• What is the history of measles?
• What causes measles?
• How is measles spread?
• How does one become immune to measles?
• Who is at risk for getting measles?
• What is the danger of getting measles while pregnant?
• If I am exposed, how long does it take to develop symptoms?
• What are the symptoms of measles?
• What are the complications seen with measles?
• What is atypical measles?
• What is modified measles?
• How is the diagnosis of measles made?
• If it is not measles, what else could it be?
• What should I do if I have been exposed to measles?
• Is there any treatment for measles after symptoms develop?
• If measles only rarely occurs in the United States, why should I get vaccinated?
• How can I prevent contracting measles?
• Is there any truth to the fear of getting autism from vaccines?
• Who should not receive measles vaccinations?
• If a child has an egg allergy, can they still receive the vaccine?
• What adverse reactions can occur to the vaccination?
• Who should be revaccinated?
• Where can I find more information about measles?
• Measles At A Glance

What is measles?

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can kill you. Although an uncommon disease in the United States of America, in 2006, measles killed 242,000 children worldwide. In most people, the disease produces fever (temperature > 101 F [38.3 C]), a generalized rash that last greater than three days, cough, runny nose (coryza), and red eyes (conjunctivitis). The complications of measles that result in most deaths include pneumonia and inflammation of the brain (encephalitis).

What is rubeola?

Rubeola is the scientific name used for measles. It should not be confused with rubella (German measles).

What is rubella?

Rubella is the scientific name used of German measles, a different viral illness. While German measles is rarely fatal, it is dangerous in that it causes birth defects and can cause miscarriage and fetal death.

What are other names for measles?

Other terms have been used to describe measles. These include (erroneously) rubella, hard measles, red measles, seven-day measles, eight-day measles, nine-day measles, 10-day measles, and morbilli.

What is the history of measles?

Cases of measles were described as early as the seventh century. However, it was not until 1963 that researchers first developed a vaccine to prevent measles. Before the vaccine was made available, almost every child became infected with the virus because it is so easily spread. Before routine vaccination, there were approximately 3-4 million cases of measles and 500 deaths due to measles each year in the United States of America.

There were initially two types of vaccines developed against measles. One was developed from a virus that had been killed, and the other was developed using a live measles virus that was weakened (attenuated) and could no longer cause the disease. Unfortunately, the killed measles virus (KMV) vaccine was not effective in preventing people from getting the disease, and its use was discontinued in 1967. The live virus vaccine has been modified a number of times to make it safer (further attenuated) and today is extremely effective in preventing the disease. The currently used vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine.

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