Liver Biopsy
What is a liver biopsy?
A liver biopsy is a procedure for the diagnosis of abnormal liver conditions.
There are several methods of obtaining biopsies of the liver, but
unless it is an unusual situation, the most common method is
percutaneously ("through the skin"). A percutaneous biopsy involves
numbing a small area of skin over the lower right side of the chest
(this site is directly over the liver).
A local anesthetic (usually Lidocaine or
Novocaine) is injected with a needle. The needle is introduced further with additional
injections of anesthetic all the way through the chest wall and into
the liver. This numbs the tract that the biopsy needle will take and
reduces discomfort.
Next, a special biopsy needle is inserted into
the same area, and, with the patient holding his or her breath, the
biopsy needle is inserted quickly into the liver and withdrawn. (The
insertion and withdrawal of the biopsy needle takes only a second or
two.) Suction through the needle, applied via an attached syringe,
causes a small piece of liver (the biopsy) to be pulled into the
needle and cut off from the rest of the liver. Other types of biopsy
needles have a spring loaded cutting mechanism to obtain the liver
tissue without the use of the syringe suction.
If there is a question about the exact position of the liver or a
specific part of the liver is to be biopsied, an ultrasound of the
liver may be performed before the biopsy to determine the exact
direction for the biopsy needle to be inserted.
There may be varying amounts of discomfort at the site of the biopsy
especially after the effect of the anesthetic wears off. Most
patients have minimal pain, but some require medication for pain
which lasts up to a few hours.
What are possible complications of a liver biopsy?
The most common complication of liver biopsy is bleeding from the
liver at the site of the biopsy. This occurs in approximately one out
of every 100 patients who are biopsied. The bleeding usually (50-75%
of the time) is not heavy enough to require blood transfusions. In
rare cases (less than 1 biopsy in a thousand), the bleeding may not
stop and surgery is required to stop it. Fatal complications have
been reported in up to 0.038% of biopsied patients.
Last Editorial Review: 4/17/2002
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