Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.
Hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure for viewing the
inside of the uterus. Hysteroscopy is performed by inserting a visualizing scope
through the vagina and into the cervical opening. Hysteroscopy allows
visualization of the inside of the uterus, including the openings to the
Fallopian tubes, as well as direct examination of the cervix, cervical canal,
and vagina.
Why is hysteroscopy done?
Hysteroscopy can be performed for both diagnosis or also for treatment
(therapeutic). Hysteroscopy is one of several procedures that your doctor may
recommend to evaluate or treat abnormalities of the uterus or cervix. Since
hysteroscopy examines the lining and interior of the uterus, it is not suitable
for evaluating problems within the muscular wall or on the outer surface of the
uterus.
Hysteroscopy may be recommended as one step in the evaluation of a number of
gynecological problems, including:
Hysteroscopy can also be used to help pinpoint the location of abnormalities
in the uterine lining for sampling and biopsy. Hysteroscopy can also be used to
perform surgical sterilization.
Normal vaginal bleeding (menorrhea) occurs through the process of menstruation. Abnormal vaginal bleeding in women who are ovulating regularly most commonly involves excessive, frequent, irregular, or decreased bleeding. Causes of abnormal may arise from a variety of conditions.
A miscarriage is any pregnancy that ends spontaneously before the fetus can survive. Miscarriage usually occurs before the 13th week of pregnancy. The cause of a miscarriage cannot always be determined. The most common causes of a miscarriage in the first trimester are collagen vascular disease (lupus), hormonal problems, diabetes, chromosomal abnormalities, and congenital abnormalities of the uterus.
Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that originate in the uterus and are usually round or semi-round in shape. The most common symptom of a uterine fibroid is abnormal vaginal bleeding. Other symptoms include pressure, pelvic pain, pressure on the bladder, or pain during a bowel movement. Treatment options vary from surgery to medication.
Cervical dysplasia is a condition in which the cells of the inner lining of the cervix have precancerous changes. There are two types of cervical dysplasia; 1) squamous intraepithelial lesion, and 2) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cervical dysplasia is caused by infection of the cervix with HPV (human papillomavirus). There are various diagnostic measures for cervical dysplasia. Treatment generally depends upon the progression of the dysplasia, mild, moderate, or severe.
Benign uterine growths are tissue enlargements of the female womb (uterus). Three types of benign uterine growths are uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, and uterine polyps. Symptoms include: abdominal pressure, pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse. Diagnosis and treatment of benign uterine growths depends upon the type of growth.
Menstruation (menstrual cycle) is also referred to as a "period." When a woman menstruates, the lining of the uterus is shed. This shedding of the uterine linking is the menstrual blood flow. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days. There can be problems with a woman's period, including heavy bleeding, pain, or skipped periods. Causes of these problems may be amenorrhea (lack fo a period), menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea), or abnormal vaginal or uterine bleeding. There are a variety of situations in which a girl or woman should see a doctor about her menstrual cycle.
Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that originate in the uterus
(womb). Although they are composed of the same smooth muscle fibers as the
uterine wall (myometrium), they are many times denser than normal myometrium.
Uterine fibroids are usually round or semi-round in shape.
Uterine fibroids are often described based upon their
location within the uterus. Subserosal fibroids are located beneath the serosa
(the lining membrane on the outside of the organ). These often appear localized
on the outside surface of the uterus or may be attached to the outside surface
by a pedicle. Submucosal (submucous) fibroids are located inside the uterine
cavity beneath the lining of the uterus. Intramural fibroids are located within
the muscular
wall of the uterus.
What
causes uterine fibroids and how common are they?
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