Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
Dr. Perlstein received his Medical Degree from the University of Cincinnati and then completed his internship and residency in pediatrics at The New York Hospital, Cornell medical Center in New York City. After serving an additional year as Chief Pediatric Resident, he worked as a private practitioner and then was appointed Director of Ambulatory Pediatrics at St. Barnabas Hospital in the Bronx.
Gynecomastia is enlargement of the glandular tissue of the male breast.
Gynecomastia may occur during infancy and puberty in normally-developing
boys.
Gynecomastia results from an imbalance in the hormonal environment in the
body, with a relative excess of estrogens (female hormones) when compared to
androgens (male hormones).
Gynecomastia can result as a side effect of numerous medications and drugs
of abuse.
Gynecomastia is enlargement of the gland tissue of the male breast. During
infancy, puberty, and in middle-aged to older men, gynecomastia can be common.
Gynecomastia must be distinguished from pseudogynecomastia or lipomastia, which refers to the
presence of fat deposits in the breast area of obese men. True gynecomastia
results from growth of the glandular, or breast tissue, which is present in very
small amounts in men. Gynecomastia is the most common reason for medical
evaluation of the male breast.
What causes gynecomastia?
Gynecomastia results from an imbalance in hormone levels in which levels
of estrogen (female hormones)
are increased relative to levels of androgens (male hormones). Gynecomastia
that occurs in normally-growing infant and pubertal boys that
resolves on its own with time is known as physiologic gynecomastia.
All individuals, whether male or female, possess both female hormones (estrogens) and male hormones
(androgens). During puberty, levels of these hormones may fluctuate and rise at
different levels, resulting in a temporary state in which estrogen concentration
is relatively high. Studies regarding the prevalence of gynecomastia in
normal adolescents have yielded widely varying results, with prevalence
estimates as low as 4% and as high as 69% of
adolescent boys. These differences
probably result from variations in what is perceived to be normal and the
different ages of boys examined in the studies.
Gynecomastia caused by transient changes in hormone levels with growth
usually disappears on its own within six months to two years. Occasionally,
gynecomastia that develops in puberty persists beyond two years and is referred to
as persistent pubertal gynecomastia.
A number of medical conditions may also result in gynecomastia:
Malnutrition and
re-feeding (recovery from malnutrition) have both been shown to create a
hormonal environment that may lead to gynecomastia. Similarly, cirrhosis of the
liver alters normal hormone metabolism and may lead to
gynecomastia.
Disorders of the male sex organs (testes) can result in decreased
testosterone production and
relatively high estrogen levels, leading to gynecomastia. These disorders may be
genetic, such as Klinefelter's syndrome, or acquired due to
trauma,
infection, reduced blood flow,
or aging.
Testicular cancers
may also secrete hormones that cause gynecomastia.
Other conditions that are associated with an altered hormonal environment
in the body and may be associated with gynecomastia are chronic renal failure and
hyperthyroidism. Rarely, cancers other than testicular tumors may produce
hormones that can cause gynecomastia.
Gynecomastia can also be a side effect of a number of medications. Examples
of drugs that can be associated with gynecomastia are listed below:
highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for
HIV disease, which may cause fat
redistribution leading to pseudogynecomastia or, in some cases, true
gynecomastia;
Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD Medical Editor: William C. Shiel, Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
The appearance of enlarged breast tissue in men can be either due to the true
enlargement of actual breast tissue or a result of deposition of fat in the
pectoral area of the chest. True enlargement of the gland tissue of the breast
is due to hormonal fluctuations or imbalances. Breast enlargement in men due to
this condition is referred to as
gynecomastia. However, especially in obese or
overweight men, there can be an increase in fatty tissue over the breast area.
This condition, which is not the same as true enlargement of male breast tissue,
creates an appearance of enlarged breasts and is known as pseudogynecomastia.
Doctors can usually tell whether or not enlarged breasts in men are due to
true gynecomastia by the physical examination, but sometimes other testing is
required. True gynecomastia (enlargement of breast tissue), in men is not
uncommon and can be seen in normal, healthy boys during pubertyor in men as
they age. Medical conditions that interfere with the body's hormonal balance can
also cause breast enlargement in men.
Kidney failure can occur from an acute event or a chronic condition or disease. Prerenal kidney failure is caused by blood loss, dehydration, medication.
Liver disease can be cause by a variety of things including infection (hepatitis), diseases such as gallstones, high cholesterol or triglycerides, blood
Lymph nodes help the body's immune system fight infections. Causes of swollen lymph nodes (glands) may include infection (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasites).
Low testosterone can affect both men and women. Causes of low testosterone in males include undescended testicles and injury to the scrotum. Low testosterone
Hyperthyroidism is an excess of thyroid hormone resulting from an overactive thyroid gland. Symptoms can include increased heart rate, weight
loss, depression,
Testicular cancer symptoms include a painless lump or swelling in a testicle, testicle or scrotum pain, a dull ache in the abdomen, back, or groin, and
Male breast cancer accounts for 1% of all breast cancers, and most cases are found in men between the ages of 60 and 70. A man's risk of developing breast
The time when boys and girls begin the process of sexual maturation is called puberty. During this time, both sexes undergo a series of biological changes
Klinefelter syndrome, also referred to as XXY condition, is a genetic disease. Klinefelter syndrome affects mostly males. Symptoms include decreased testosterone
Men's health is an important component to a happy lifestyle and healthy relationships. Eating healthy, exercise, managing stress, and knowing when to have
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