Dr. Saltiel received his Pharm.D. from the University of California, San Francisco, in 1980, following undergraduate work at UCLA. At UCSF, he was the recipient of the Outstanding Service Award and the Bowl of Hygeia Award. He completed a residency in clinical pharmacy practice at the University of Illinois, in Chicago.
Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Fentanyl is a potent synthetic (man-made) narcotic. A 100 µg dose of fentanyl is approximately equal to 10 mg of morphine. Fentanyl stimulates receptors on nerves in the brain to increase the threshold to pain (the amount of discomfort that a person must feel in order to be considered painful) and reduce the perception of pain (the perceived importance of the pain). Fentanyl is available in transdermal (for application to the skin), transmucosal (for application to mucus membranes) and parenteral (injectable) forms. When applied to the skin of the upper torso, fentanyl is well absorbed. The amount of fentanyl in the blood increases gradually after topical application, reaching a peak after 12-24 hours. Once this concentration is achieved, blood concentrations remain constant over the 72 hours that the patch is worn. After removal of the patch, blood concentrations of fentanyl decrease slowly due to ongoing absorption of fentanyl remaining on the skin. Fentanyl was originally approved by the FDA for injection in 1968.
GENERIC AVAILABLE: Yes
PRESCRIPTION: Yes
PREPARATIONS: Transdermal systems labeled as delivering 50, 75, or 100 µg/hour.
STORAGE: Patches should be
stored at room temperature below 30°C (86°F). Used patches should be folded in
half with the sticky sides together, and then flushed down the toilet. Patients
must avoid exposing the patches to excessive heat as this promotes the release
of fentanyl from the patch and increases the absorption of fentanyl through the
skin which can result in fatal overdose.
PRESCRIBED FOR: Fentanyl transdermal system is used for patients with severe chronic pain, for example, the pain of
cancer.
DOSING: Patches should be applied to a flat, non-irritated area on the upper torso. The area of application should be clean and washed with water only prior to application. The patch should be applied immediately after removing it from the package and pressed firmly against the skin for 10 to 20 seconds especially around the edges. Patches should never be cut or otherwise damaged. Doses vary widely among patients. The manufacturer considers a fentanyl transdermal dose of 100 µg/hour approximately equivalent to 360 mg/day of oral morphine.
DRUG INTERACTIONS: The use of fentanyl with other central nervous
system (CNS) depressants can intensify the effects of fentanyl to depress
breathing, depress the brain, sedate, and lower blood pressure. Other drugs that
should be used cautiously with fentanyl include: antipsychotics [for example, Thorazine; Stelazine,
haloperidol (Haldol)],
anxiolytics [for example, diazepam
(Valium), lorazepam (Ativan),
zolpidem (Ambien)], certain
antihistamines [for example,
diphenhydramine (Benadryl),
hydroxyzine (Vistaril),
clemastine (Tavist)],
barbiturates [for example,
phenobarbital (Donnatal)], tricyclic antidepressants [for example,
amitriptyline (Elavil),
doxepin (Sinequan)], ethanol,
and skeletal muscle relaxants [for example,
carisoprodol (Soma),
cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril),
baclofen (Lioresal)]. The use fentanyl with amiodarone (Cordarone) may result in slow heart rates. Cimetidine (Tagamet) when used with fentanyl can cause
confusion, disorientation, or
seizures due to impairment in breathing and brain function.
Cancer is a disease caused by an abnormal growth of cells, also called malignancy. It is a group of 100 different diseases, and is not contagious. Cancer can be treated through chemotherapy, a treatment of drugs that destroy cancer cells.
Pain management and treatment can be simple or complex, according to its cause. There are two basic types of pain, nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. Some causes of neuropathic pain includes: complex regional pain syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. There are a variety of methods to treat chronic pain, which are dependant on the type of pain experienced.
Chronic pain is pain (an unpleasant sense of discomfort) that persists or progresses over a long period of time. In contrast to acute pain that arises suddenly in response to a specific injury and is usually treatable, chronic pain persists over time and is often resistant to medical treatments.
You know it at once. It may be the fiery sensation of a burn moments after your finger touches the stove. Or it's a dull ache above your brow after a day of stress and tension. Or you may recognize it as a sharp pierce in your back after you lift something heavy.
It is pain. In its most benign form, it warns us that something isn't quite right, that we should take medicine or see a doctor. At its worst, however, pain robs us of our productivity, our well-being, and, for many of us suffering from extended illness, our very lives. Pain is a complex perception that differs enormously among individual patients, even those who appear to have identical injuries or illnesses.
In 1931, the French medical missionary Dr. Albert Schweitzer wrote, "Pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself." Today, pain has become the universal disorder, a serious and costly public health issue, and a challenge for famil...
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