Dr. Ogbru received his Doctorate in Pharmacy from the University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy in 1995. He completed a Pharmacy Practice Residency at the University of Arizona/University Medical Center in 1996. He was a Professor of Pharmacy Practice and a Regional Clerkship Coordinator for the University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy from 1996-99.
Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Fenoprofen is a
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
(NSAID) that is effective for treating the fever, pain, and swelling caused by
inflammation. Fenoprofen belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other members of the NSAID class of drugs
include ibuprofen (Motrin), indomethacin (Indocin), nabumetone (Relafen),
naproxen (Aleve) and several others. These drugs are used for the management of
mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation. They work by reducing the levels
of prostaglandins, chemicals that are responsible for the pain, fever, and
swelling of inflammation. Fenoprofen blocks the enzymes that make prostaglandins
(cyclooxygenases), resulting in lower concentrations of prostaglandins. As a
consequence, inflammation, swelling, pain and fever are reduced. Fenoprofen was
approved by the FDA in March 1976.
PRESCRIPTION: Yes
GENERIC AVAILABLE: Yes
PREPARATIONS: Capsule: 200 mg; Tablet: 600 mg
STORAGE: Fenoprofen should be stored at room temperature, 20- 25 C (68-77 F),
in a sealed container to avoid moisture.
PRESCRIBED FOR: Fenoprofen is used for the treatment of inflammation and pain
due to rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Fenoprofen also is used for the
relief of mild to moderate pain, such as menstrual cramps, tendinitis, and
bursitis.
DOSING: The recommended adult dose for mild to moderate pain is 200 mg every
4-6 hours. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are treated with 600 mg 3-4
times daily. The maximum daily dose is 3200 mg daily. Fenoprofen should be
administered with meals in order to avoid stomach upset.
DRUG INTERACTIONS: Fenoprofen is associated with several suspected or
probable interactions that affect the action of other drugs. The following
examples are the most commonly suspected interactions.
Fenoprofen may increase the blood levels of lithium (Eskalith,
Lithobid) by reducing
the excretion of lithium by the kidneys. Increased levels of lithium may lead to
lithium toxicity.
Fenoprofen may reduce the blood pressure lowering effects of
blood pressure
medications. This may occur because prostaglandins play a role in the regulation
of blood pressure.
When NSAIDs are used in combination with methotrexate
(Rheumatrex, Trexall) or aminoglycosides (for
example, gentamicin) the blood levels of the methotrexate or aminoglycoside may
increase, presumably because their elimination from the body is reduced. This
may lead to more methotrexate or aminoglycoside-related side effects.
Individuals taking oral blood thinners or anticoagulants, for example,
warfarin, (Coumadin), should avoid fenoprofen because fenoprofen also thins the
blood, and excessive blood thinning may lead to bleeding.
Persons who have more than three alcoholic beverages per day are at increased
risk of developing stomach ulcers when taking fenoprofen or other
NSAIDs.
PREGNANCY: There are no adequate studies of fenoprofen in pregnant women.
Therefore, fenoprofen is not recommended during
pregnancy.
There are many causes of back pain. Pain in the low back can relate to the bony lumbar spine, discs between the vertebrae, ligaments around the spine and discs, spinal cord and nerves, muscles of the low back, internal organs of the pelvis and abdomen, and the skin covering the lumbar area.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, the tissue around the joints, as well as other organs in the body. Because it can affect multiple other organs of the body, rheumatoid arthritis is referred to as a systemic illness and is sometimes called rheumatoid disease.
The knee joint is composed of three compartments and ligaments which stabilize the joint. Causes of knee pain may include injury, degeneration, infrequently infection and rarely bone tumors. Although routine x-rays do not revel meniscus tears, they can be used to exclude other problems of the bones and tissues. The knee joint is the most commonly involved joint in rheumatic disease, as well as immune diseases that affect various tissues of the body.
Menstrual cramps (pain in the belly and pelvic area) are experienced by women as a result of menses. Menstrual cramps are not the same as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Menstrual cramps are common, and may be accompanied by headache, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea. Severity of menstrual cramp pain varies from woman to woman. Treatment includes OTC or prescription pain relief medication.
Bursitis of the hip results when the fluid-filled sac (bursa) near the hip becomes inflamed due to localized soft tissue trauma or strain. Symptoms include stiffness and pain around the hip joint. If the hip bursa is not infected, hip bursitis can be treated with ice compresses, rest, and antiinflammatory and pain medications.
Foot pain may be caused by injuries (sprains, strains, bruises, and fractures), diseases (diabetes, Hansen disease, and gout), viruses, fungi, and bacteria (plantar warts and athlete's foot), or even ingrown toenails. Pain and tenderness may be accompanied by joint looseness, swelling, weakness, discoloration, and loss of function. Minor foot pain can usually be treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation and OTC medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Severe pain should be treated by a medical professional.
Ankle pain is commonly due to a sprain or tendinitis. The severity of ankle sprains ranges from mild (which can resolve within 24 hours) to severe (which can require surgical repair). Tendinitis of the ankle can be caused by trauma or inflammation.
Neck pain (cervical pain) may be caused by any number of disorders and diseases. Tenderness is another symptom of neck pain. Though treatment for neck pain really depends upon the cause, treatment typically may involve heat/ice application, traction, physical therapy, cortisone injection, topical anesthetic creams, and muscle relaxants.
Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis caused by inflammation, breakdown, and eventual loss of
cartilage in the joints. Also known as degenerative arthritis. Osteoarthritis
can be caused by aging, heredity, and injury from trauma or disease.
Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa. A bursa is a tiny fluid-filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body. There are 160 bursae in the body. The major bursae are located adjacent to the tendons near the large joints, such as the shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees.
Shoulder bursitis is inflammation of the shoulder bursa. Bursitis may be caused by injury, infection, or a rheumatic condition. Symptoms include pain, swelling, tenderness, and pain with movement of the shoulder joint. Treatment may involve ice compresses, rest, and antiinflammatory medications and depends on whether there is an infection.
Bursitis of the knee results when any of the three fluid-filled sacs (bursae) become inflamed due to injury or strain. Symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth, tenderness, and redness. Treatment of knee bursitis depends on whether infection is involved. If the knee bursa is not infected, knee bursitis may be treated with ice compresses, rest, and antiinflammatory and pain medications.
Pain management and treatment can be simple or complex, according to its cause. There are two basic types of pain, nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. Some causes of neuropathic pain includes: complex regional pain syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. There are a variety of methods to treat chronic pain, which are dependant on the type of pain experienced.
Chronic pain is pain (an unpleasant sense of discomfort) that persists or progresses over a long period of time. In contrast to acute pain that arises suddenly in response to a specific injury and is usually treatable, chronic pain persists over time and is often resistant to medical treatments.
Menstruation (menstrual cycle) is also referred to as a "period." When a woman menstruates, the lining of the uterus is shed. This shedding of the uterine linking is the menstrual blood flow. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days. There can be problems with a woman's period, including heavy bleeding, pain, or skipped periods. Causes of these problems may be amenorrhea (lack fo a period), menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea), or abnormal vaginal or uterine bleeding. There are a variety of situations in which a girl or woman should see a doctor about her menstrual cycle.
Menstrual cramps and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms include abdominal cramping, bloating, a feeling of fullness, abdominal pain, mood swings, anxiety and more. Treatment for menstrual cramps and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms include regular sleep, exercise, smoking cessation, diet changes, and OTC or prescription medication depending on the severity of the condition.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed medications for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and more. One common side effect of NSAIDs is peptic ulcer (ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum). Side effects, drug interactions, warnings and precautions, and patient safety information should be reviewed prior to taking NSAIDs.
Calcific bursitis is the calcification of the bursa caused by chronic inflammation of the bursa. Calcific bursitis most commonly occurs in the shoulder. Calcific bursitis treatment includes medication for inflammation, ice, immobilization, cortisone injections, and occasionally surgical removal of the inflamed bursa.
Natural menopause is the permanent ending of menstruation that is not brought on by any type of medical treatment. For women undergoing natural menopause, the process is described in three stages: perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause.
However, not all women undergo natural menopause. Some women experience induced menopause as a result of surgery or medical treatments, such as chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy.
A bursa is a closed
fluid-filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between
tissues of the body. Bursae is plural for bursa. The major bursae are located adjacent to
the tendons near the large joints, such as the shoulders, elbows, hips, and
knees. When a bursa becomes inflamed, the condition is known as bursitis.
Most commonly, bursitis is caused by local soft tissue trauma or strain injury, and there is no
infection (aseptic bursitis). On rare
occasions, the bursa can become infected with bacteria. This condition
is called septic bursitis.
What is knee bursitis?
The knee joint is surrounded by three
major bursae. At the tip of the knee, over the kneecap bone, is
the prepatellar bursa. This bursa can become inflamed (prepatellar
bursitis) from direct trauma to the front of the knee. This commonly
occurs when maintaining a prolonged kneeling position....
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