Dr. Michael Santoro is a Board-certified Internist and Gastroenterologist, who is in clincal practice in Southern California. He did his medical school training at the SUNY-Health and Science Center in Brooklyn. He completed a three-year internal medicine residency at Staton Island University Hospital. This was followed by a three-year fellowship in Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Loma Linda University.
Dr. Lee was born in Shanghai, China, and received his college and medical training in the United States. He is fluent in English and three Chinese dialects. He graduated with chemistry departmental honors from Harvey Mudd College. He was appointed president of AOA society at UCLA School of Medicine. He underwent internal medicine residency and gastroenterology fellowship training at Cedars Sinai Medical Center.
Surveillance after polyps are found depends on the number and type
of polyp that are found. If the polyp is not an adenoma, then follow-
up with colonoscopy is not necessary. If only one polyp is found and
it is a tubular adenoma less than 1 centimeter in size, then
repeating the colonoscopy after five years is appropriate (Unless the
individual has had a first degree relative with colon cancer in which
case three years would be appropriate.)
If a first or subsequent colonoscopy finds three or more adenomas,
the next colonoscopy should be between one and three years later. If
a polyp is flat (sessile) and, therefore, is more difficult to remove
completely, then the site of the removal should be checked in 3-6
months to document complete removal and then again one year later.
Once a normal colonoscopy without polyps is performed, the
surveillance interval can be increased to five years.
These polyps may be treated without surgical removal of that part
of the colon that contained the polyp if: 1) the doctor is confident
that the polyp was removed completely, 2) the pathologist does not
see any cancer at the margin of the polyp that was attached to the
colon (which would suggest that cancer was left behind), and 3) the
cancer is histologically (under the microscope) "less aggressive"
looking.
An individual's risk of colon cancer is approximately double the
general population once an adenomatous polyp is found. This
individual's risk of developing colon cancer can be significantly
reduced by removing the polyp and any future polyps.
Colon Polyps - Describe Your ExperienceQuestion: Did you have any of the risk factors for colon polyps at the time of your diagnosis? If so, what were they?
Rectal bleeding (hematochezia) refers to the passage of bright red blood from the anus. Rectal bleeding may be moderate to severe and most bleeding comes from the colon, rectum, or anus. Common causes include anal fissures, hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, and more.
Colon cancer is a malignancy that arises from the inner lining of the colon. Most, if not all, of these cancers develop from colonic polyps. Removal of these precancerous polyps can prevent colon cancer.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the colon is referred to as colitis. Symptoms of the inflammation of the colon lining include diarrhea, pain, and blood in the stool. There are several causes of colitis including infection, ischemia of the colon, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis, or microscopic colitis). Treatment depends on the cause of the colitis.
Though it's difficult to say why some people develop cancer while others don't, research shows that certain risk factors increase a person's odds of developing cancer. These risk factors include growing older, family history of cancer, diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and exposure to sunlight, ionizing radiation, certain chemicals, and some viruses and bacteria.
Digestion is the complex process of turning food you eat into the energy you need to survive. The digestive process also involves creating waste to be eliminated, and is made of a series of muscles that coordinate the movement of food.
Gardners' syndrome, or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), is an inherited condition in which cancer of the colon and rectum develop. Colon polyps and growths may develop as early as the teens. If these polyps are not removed, they will become cancerous. There are different inheritance patterns for familial adenomatous polyposis.
Disease prevention in men includes routine screening tests that are part of basic prevention medicine. Take an active role in your own health care and discuss screening tests with your doctor early in life. Age of screening and timing of screening depends upon the condition being assessed.
Disease prevention in women includes screening tests that are a basic part of prevention medicine. All screening tests
are commonly available through your general doctor. Some specialized tests may be available elsewhere.
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