Chronic Pain

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• Introduction
• The A to Z of pain
• How is pain diagnosed?
• How is pain treated?
• Pain management
• What is the role of age and gender in pain?
• A pain primer: what do we know about pain?
• What is the future of pain research?
• Appendix
• Spine basics: the vertebrae, discs and spinal cord
• The nervous system
• Phantom pain: how does the brain feel?
• Chili peppers, capsaicin and pain
• Marijuana
• Nerve blocks
• Patient Discussions: Chronic Pain - Effective Treatments

Featured chronic pain patient discussions on effective treatments experienced "I have suffered chronic pain in neck, back, muscles and joints along with migraines since the birth of my only child 15 years ago. After years of numerous doctors, medications, blocks, etc. What has helped me most is Lexapro, Neurontin & massage. Lexapro cut pain 75% alone. This was prescribed by neurologist for pain and not depression. It has been the best treatment for me so far. " "I’ve got some lower lumbar degenerated discs, four to be exact. I just found out that I’m lacking some blood flow to my left leg. I’m constantly in uncomfortable pain, whether it be sitting or standing. My doctor has me on 5 mg of oxycodone, four pills daily. My mother has this thought in her head that this is addicting, but I feel that low a dosage for pain alleviation isn’t a problem. I’ve had acupuncture, massage therapy, physical therapy, and vitamins, and nothing seems to help as well as the oxycodone. I will be moving soon, and the pain management waiting list up here in my state (NY) is eight months. " "I have had chronic myofascial pain and neuropathic pain for six years. I took anti-seizure drugs to help with the pain in the nerves and had weekly trigger point injections for years. In addition, I was taking Tylenol 3s, and Celebrex to try to control the pain. Nothing has worked as well as Lyrica. Now, instead of 2,800 mg of Neurontin, I take 225 mg of Lyrica. I have dropped the Celebrex and take Tylenol 3s rarely! Lyrica has changed my life, and after six years, I am finally ready to get back to work and living! " Read All Comments on Chronic Pain » Top Searched Chronic Pain Terms: pain management, syndrome, medications, depression, medical marijuana, lower back, high blood pressure, dopamine, methadone, fibromyalgia, neurontin, neck injury, botox, abdominal pain Patient Discussions are not a substitute for professional medical advice, or treatment. See the disclaimer at the bottom of the comments page.

Introduction: The Universal Disorder

You know it at once. It may be the fiery sensation of a burn moments after your finger touches the stove. Or it's a dull ache above your brow after a day of stress and tension. Or you may recognize it as a sharp pierce in your back after you lift something heavy.

It is pain. In its most benign form, it warns us that something isn't quite right, that we should take medicine or see a doctor. At its worst, however, pain robs us of our productivity, our well-being, and, for many of us suffering from extended illness, our very lives. Pain is a complex perception that differs enormously among individual patients, even those who appear to have identical injuries or illnesses.

In 1931, the French medical missionary Dr. Albert Schweitzer wrote, "Pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself." Today, pain has become the universal disorder, a serious and costly public health issue, and a challenge for family, friends, and health care providers who must give support to the individual suffering from the physical as well as the emotional consequences of pain.

A brief history of pain

Ancient civilizations recorded on stone tablets accounts of pain and the treatments used: pressure, heat, water, and sun. Early humans related pain to evil, magic, and demons. Relief of pain was the responsibility of sorcerers, shamans, priests, and priestesses, who used herbs, rites, and ceremonies as their treatments.

The Greeks and Romans were the first to advance a theory of sensation, the idea that the brain and nervous system have a role in producing the perception of pain. But it was not until the Middle Ages and well into the Renaissance-the 1400s and 1500s-that evidence began to accumulate in support of these theories. Leonardo da Vinci and his contemporaries came to believe that the brain was the central organ responsible for sensation. Da Vinci also developed the idea that the spinal cord transmits sensations to the brain.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the study of the body-and the senses-continued to be a source of wonder for the world's philosophers. In 1664, the French philosopher Rene Descartes described what to this day is still called a "pain pathway." Descartes illustrated how particles of fire, in contact with the foot, travel to the brain and he compared pain sensation to the ringing of a bell.

In the 19th century, pain came to dwell under a new domain-science-paving the way for advances in pain therapy. Physician-scientists discovered that opium, morphine, codeine, and cocaine could be used to treat pain. These drugs led to the development of aspirin, to this day the most commonly used pain reliever. Before long, anesthesia-both general and regional-was refined and applied during surgery.

"It has no future but itself," wrote the 19th century American poet Emily Dickinson, speaking about pain. As the 21st century unfolds, however, advances in pain research are creating a less grim future than that portrayed in Dickinson's verse, a future that includes a better understanding of pain, along with greatly improved treatments to keep it in check.

The two faces of pain: acute and chronic

What is pain? The International Association for the Study of Pain defines it as: An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.

It is useful to distinguish between two basic types of pain, acute and chronic, and they differ greatly.

• Acute pain, for the most part, results from disease, inflammation, or injury to tissues. This type of pain generally comes on suddenly, for example, after trauma or surgery, and may be accompanied by anxiety or emotional distress. The cause of acute pain can usually be diagnosed and treated, and the pain is self-limiting, that is, it is confined to a given period of time and severity. In some rare instances, it can become chronic.
  
  
• Chronic pain is widely believed to represent disease itself. It can be made much worse by environmental and psychological factors. Chronic pain persists over a longer period of time than acute pain and is resistant to most medical treatments. It can-and often does-cause severe problems for patients. Pain management is an integral part of treating chronic pain.

Chronic Pain - Effective Treatments

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