Dr. Gbemudu received her B.S. in Biochemistry from Nova Southeastern University, her PharmD degree from University of Maryland, and MBA degree from University of Baltimore. She completed a one year post-doctoral fellowship with Rutgers University and Bristol Myers Squibb.
Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
BRAND NAME: Trilisate (Please Note: This brand name drug is no longer available in the US)
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Choline magnesium salicylate is a type of
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), referred to as a salicylate, which
is effective in treating fever, pain, and inflammation in the body. Other drugs
within the same class are aspirin, diflunisal (Dolobid) and salsalate
(Disalcid). They work by reducing the levels of prostaglandins, chemicals that
are responsible for pain, fever, and inflammation. The salicylates block the
enzyme that makes prostaglandins (cyclooxygenase), resulting in lower
concentrations of prostaglandins. As a consequence, inflammation, pain and fever
are reduced.
PRESCRIPTION: Yes
GENERIC AVAILABLE: Yes
PREPARATIONS: Tablets: 500, 750, and 1000 mg. Liquid: 500 mg/5ml.
STORAGE: Choline magnesium salicylate should be stored at controlled room
temperature 59 to 86 F ( 15 to 30 C) in a sealed container protected from light
and moisture.
PRESCRIBED FOR: Choline magnesium salicylate is used for the rapid relief of
mild to moderate pain and fever. Choline magnesium salicylate also is used for
the treatment of inflammation and pain due to soft tissue injuries, tendinitis,
bursitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, and other
related arthritis conditions.
DOSING: For rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, other severe arthritis, and
acute painful joints, the recommended starting dosage is 1500 mg given twice a
day. For mild to moderate pain or fever, the usual dosage is 2000 mg to 3000 mg
daily. It should be taken with food to prevent an upset stomach.
DRUG INTERACTIONS: Choline magnesium salicylate, as other salicylates, should
not be given within six weeks of influenza virus vaccine as this can increase risk
of Reye's syndrome (a serious, often fatal disease that causes numerous
detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver) due to
unknown mechanisms.
When choline magnesium salicylate is used in combination with methotrexate
(Rheumatrex, Trexall) an antimetabolite, the blood levels of methotrexate may
increase, presumably because the elimination of methotrexate from the body is
reduced. This may lead to more methotrexate-related side effects.
Concurrent use of choline magnesium salicylate and warfarin (Coumadin), a
blood thinner, may cause excessive bleeding as choline magnesium salicylate
enhances the effect of warfarin. It is therefore important to reduce the dosage
of warfarin.
PREGNANCY: There are no adequate studies in
pregnant women. Choline magnesium
salicylate should only be given if the potential benefits outweigh the potential
risks to the fetus.
NURSING MOTHERS: Choline magnesium salicylate is excreted in
breast milk;
therefore, caution should be exercised when administering it to nursing women.
SIDE EFFECTS: Common side effects of choline magnesium salicylate are
heartburn, stomach ulcers, nausea, or vomiting. Patients should tell their
doctor immediately if any of these unusual but potentially serious side effects
occur: severe abdominal pain, easy bruising or bleeding, fast heartbeat,
persistent nausea or vomiting, unusual tiredness, change in the amount or color
of urine, yellowing of the eyes or skin, unusual bleeding and hearing loss.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, the tissue around the joints, as well as other organs in the body. Because it can affect multiple other organs of the body, rheumatoid arthritis is referred to as a systemic illness and is sometimes called rheumatoid disease.
The knee joint is composed of three compartments and ligaments which stabilize the joint. Causes of knee pain may include injury, degeneration, infrequently infection and rarely bone tumors. Although routine x-rays do not revel meniscus tears, they can be used to exclude other problems of the bones and tissues. The knee joint is the most commonly involved joint in rheumatic disease, as well as immune diseases that affect various tissues of the body.
Bursitis of the hip results when the fluid-filled sac (bursa) near the hip becomes inflamed due to localized soft tissue trauma or strain. Symptoms include stiffness and pain around the hip joint. If the hip bursa is not infected, hip bursitis can be treated with ice compresses, rest, and antiinflammatory and pain medications.
Foot pain may be caused by injuries (sprains, strains, bruises, and fractures), diseases (diabetes, Hansen disease, and gout), viruses, fungi, and bacteria (plantar warts and athlete's foot), or even ingrown toenails. Pain and tenderness may be accompanied by joint looseness, swelling, weakness, discoloration, and loss of function. Minor foot pain can usually be treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation and OTC medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Severe pain should be treated by a medical professional.
Elbow pain is most often the result of tendinitis, which can affect the inner or outer elbow. Treatment includes ice, rest, and medication for inflammation. Inflammation, redness, warmth, swelling, tenderness, and decreased range of motion are other symptoms associated with elbow pain. Treatment for elbow pain depends upon the nature of the patient's underlying disease or condition.
Ankle pain is commonly due to a sprain or tendinitis. The severity of ankle sprains ranges from mild (which can resolve within 24 hours) to severe (which can require surgical repair). Tendinitis of the ankle can be caused by trauma or inflammation.
Neck pain (cervical pain) may be caused by any number of disorders and diseases. Tenderness is another symptom of neck pain. Though treatment for neck pain really depends upon the cause, treatment typically may involve heat/ice application, traction, physical therapy, cortisone injection, topical anesthetic creams, and muscle relaxants.
Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis caused by inflammation, breakdown, and eventual loss of
cartilage in the joints. Also known as degenerative arthritis. Osteoarthritis
can be caused by aging, heredity, and injury from trauma or disease.
Shoulder bursitis is inflammation of the shoulder bursa. Bursitis may be caused by injury, infection, or a rheumatic condition. Symptoms include pain, swelling, tenderness, and pain with movement of the shoulder joint. Treatment may involve ice compresses, rest, and antiinflammatory medications and depends on whether there is an infection.
Bursitis of the knee results when any of the three fluid-filled sacs (bursae) become inflamed due to injury or strain. Symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth, tenderness, and redness. Treatment of knee bursitis depends on whether infection is involved. If the knee bursa is not infected, knee bursitis may be treated with ice compresses, rest, and antiinflammatory and pain medications.
Pain management and treatment can be simple or complex, according to its cause. There are two basic types of pain, nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. Some causes of neuropathic pain includes: complex regional pain syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. There are a variety of methods to treat chronic pain, which are dependant on the type of pain experienced.
Chronic pain is pain (an unpleasant sense of discomfort) that persists or progresses over a long period of time. In contrast to acute pain that arises suddenly in response to a specific injury and is usually treatable, chronic pain persists over time and is often resistant to medical treatments.
Juvenile arthritis (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or JRA) annually affects one child in every thousand. There are three types of JRA: pauciarticular (less than four joints affected), polyarticular (more than four joints affected), and systemic-onset (inflamed joints with high fevers and rash). Treatment of juvenile arthritis depends upon the type the child has and should focus on treating the symptoms that manifest.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed medications for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and more. One common side effect of NSAIDs is peptic ulcer (ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum). Side effects, drug interactions, warnings and precautions, and patient safety information should be reviewed prior to taking NSAIDs.
Natural menopause is the permanent ending of menstruation that is not brought on by any type of medical treatment. For women undergoing natural menopause, the process is described in three stages: perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause.
However, not all women undergo natural menopause. Some women experience induced menopause as a result of surgery or medical treatments, such as chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy.
Osteoarthritis is a joint inflammation that results
from cartilage degeneration.
Osteoarthritis can be caused by aging, heredity, and
injury from trauma or disease.
The most common symptom of osteoarthritis is pain in
the affected joint(s) after repetitive use.
There is no blood test for the diagnosis of
osteoarthritis.
The goal of treatment in osteoarthritis is to reduce joint
pain and inflammation while improving and maintaining joint function.
What is osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis is a form of arthritis that features the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints. Cartilage is a protein substance that serves as a "cushion" between the bones of the joints. Among the over 100 different types of arthritis conditions, osteoarthritis is the most common, affecting over 25 million people in the United Stat...
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