Canker Sores (cont.)
What are the causes of canker sores?
The cause of canker sores is not well understood. More than one cause is likely, even for individual patients. Canker sores do not appear to be caused by viruses or bacteria, although an
allergy to a type of bacterium commonly found in the mouth may trigger them in some people. The sores may be an allergic reaction to certain foods. In addition, there is research suggesting that canker sores may be caused by a faulty immune system that uses the body's defenses against disease to attack and destroy the normal cells of the mouth or tongue.
British studies show that in about 20 percent of patients, canker sores are due partly to nutritional deficiencies, especially lack of
vitamin B12,
folic acid, and
iron. Similar studies performed in the United States, however, have not confirmed this finding. In a small percentage of patients, canker sores occur along with gastrointestinal problems, such as an inability to digest certain cereals. In these patients, canker sores appear to be part of a generalized disorder of the digestive tract.
Vitamin C deficiency has also been associated with canker sores.
Emotional stress and local trauma or injury to the mouth, such as sharp metal braces, brushing with hard toothbrushes, and hot foods can lead to canker sores.
Smoking and dentures can also contribute to the problem. Some studies have shown a connection with toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulfate in some individuals, although, other studies have not found any connection.
Other possible causes of canker sores include illnesses in which the immune system causes swelling or inflammation of the body tissues (autoimmune disorders). Examples of autoimmune disorders are systemic
lupus erythematosus,
Crohn's disease, and
Behcet's disease.
Female sex hormones also apparently play a role in causing canker sores. Many women experience bouts of the sores only during certain phases of their menstrual cycles. Additionally, most women experience improvement or remission of their canker sores during pregnancy. Researchers have used hormone therapy successfully in clinical studies to treat some women.
Next: Are canker sores the same as fever blisters? »
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