Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.
The breast generally refers to the front of the chest
and medically
specifically to the mammary gland.
(The word "mammary" comes from "mamma," the Greek and Latin word
for the breast, which derives from the cry "mama" uttered by infants
and young children, sometimes meaning "I want to feed at the
breast.")
How is the mammary gland designed?
The mammary gland is a milk-producing structure that is composed
largely of fat cells (cells capable of storing fat). The fat deposits
are laid down in the breast under the influence of the female hormone estrogen. Just as
the surge of estrogens at adolescence encourages this process,
androgens, such as testosterone, discourage it.
Within the mammary gland there is a complex network of
branching ducts (tubes or channels). These ducts exit from sac-like
structures called lobules.
The lobules in the breast are the glands that can produce milk in
females when they receive the appropriate hormonal stimulation.
The breast ducts transport milk from the lobules out to the
nipple. The milk exits the ducts from the breast at the nipple.
Picture of the anatomy of the breast
How are human breasts different from those
of other primates?
Human breasts function somewhat differently than those
of other primates. In other primates, the breasts grow only when the female is
producing milk (lactating). When the non-human primate female has weaned her
young, her breasts flatten back down. In humans, the breasts develop at
adolescence usually well before any
pregnancy has occurred and the breasts stay
enlarged throughout the remainder of life.
During pregnancy the breasts grow further. This growth is
much more uniform than that at adolescence. The breasts of women with small
breasts tend to grow about as much during pregnancy as those of women with large
breasts. The amount of milk-producing tissue is
essentially the same. This is the reason that
when milk production begins, small-breasted women produce as much milk as
do large-breasted women.
Reviewed by William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR on 9/18/2012
Medical Author: Carolyn Janet Crandall, MD, FACP
Medical Editor: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
Ms. G. is a 40-year-old woman with two small
children. Like most women, she is concerned about her chances of developing
breast cancer. She asks her doctor about her risks.
Although breast cancer is a worry for most women, Ms. G. is especially worried because of a
family history of breast cancer. Her mother and sister had breast cancers that were diagnosed
at young ages.
A woman with a family history of breast cancer
has a lot of concerns. Among other things, she is thinking of her job, children,
and husband, as well as how her medical insurance and health team will be able
to serve her needs in the future should a crisis arise.
What are the facts about families that have multiple members with breast cancer?
Inherited breast cancer disorders account for a
small minority of breast cancers overall. Genes are the "messages" in
each cell of the body that determine the ultimate design of our bodies.
Lymph nodes help the body's immune system fight infections. Causes of swollen lymph nodes (glands) may include infection (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasites).
Cysts are saclike structures that can occur throughout the body and usually contain a semisolid, liquid, or gaseous substance. Infections, tumors, genetic
Thrush is an infection of the mouth caused by the candida fungus. Symptoms of Thrush include pain or difficulty swallowing, a feeling that food gets stuck
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death in women in the U.S. Symptoms include a lump in the breast
Pregnancy symptoms vary from woman to woman. There are some symptoms that are more frequent in some women. These symptoms include a missed period, nausea,
Fibrocystic breast condition (sometimes called fibrocystic breast disease) is characterized by lumpiness and usually discomfort in one or both breasts.
Lymphedema is a condition in which one or more extremities become swollen as the result of an impaired flow of the lymphatic system. There are two types
Male breast cancer accounts for 1% of all breast cancers, and most cases are found in men between the ages of 60 and 70. A man's risk of developing breast
Prolactinoma is an adenoma (benign tumor) of the pituitary gland. Causes of many prolactinomas are unknown. Symptoms in women include changes in menstruation
Breast lumps in women can have a variety of causes such as breast inflammation, infection, injuries, cancer, and non-cancerous growths. Breast lumps in
Paget's disease is a rare form of cancer that forms in or around the nipple and frequently coexists with breast cancer. The exact cause of Paget's disease
The time when boys and girls begin the process of sexual maturation is called puberty. During this time, both sexes undergo a series of biological changes
Women's health is an important topic area to guide a woman through the stages of her life, as well as knowing the conditions and diseases that may occur.
Inflammatory breast cancer is an accelerated form of breast cancer that is not usually detected by mammogram or ultrasound. Symptoms of inflammatory breast
Lymphedema is a common chronic, debilitating condition in which excess fluid called lymph collects in tissues and causes swelling in them. It is common
Lifestyle changes, a healthy antioxidant-rich diet, exercise, and weight reduction can help reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. It's important
As breast cancer is the most diagnosed non-skin cancer in American women, it is important to know your breast cancer risk. Risk factors include age, age
Breastfeeding an infant can cause common challenges both for the mother an infant. Some challenges include sore nipples, low milk supply, oversupply of
A prolactinoma is a benign tumor (called an adenoma) of the pituitary gland. A prolactinoma produces an excessive amount of the hormone prolactin. Prolactin is a natural hormone which supports"...
