Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
Once a diagnosis of appendicitis is made, an appendectomy usually is
performed. Antibiotics almost always are begun prior to surgery and as soon as
appendicitis is suspected.
There is a small group of patients in whom the inflammation and infection of
appendicitis remain mild and localized to a small area. The body is able not
only to contain the inflammation and infection but to resolve it as well. These
patients usually are not very ill and improve during several days of
observation. This type of appendicitis is referred to as "confined
appendicitis" and may be treated with antibiotics alone. The appendix may
or may not be removed at a later time.
On occasion, a person may not see their doctor until
appendicitis with rupture has been present for many days or even weeks. In this
situation, an abscess usually has formed, and the appendiceal perforation may
have closed over. If the abscess is small, it initially can be treated with
antibiotics; however, the abscess usually requires drainage. A drain (a small
plastic or rubber tube) usually is inserted through the skin and into the abscess
with the aid of an ultrasound or CT scan that can
determine the exact location of the abscess. The drain allows pus to flow from the abscess out of
the body. The appendix may be removed several weeks or months after the abscess has
resolved. This is called an interval appendectomy and is done to prevent a
second attack of appendicitis.
How is an appendectomy done?
During an appendectomy,
an incision two to three inches in length is made through the skin and the layers of the abdominal
wall over the area of the appendix. The surgeon enters the abdomen and
looks for the appendix which usually is in the right lower abdomen. After examining the
area around the appendix to be certain that no additional problem is present,
the appendix is removed. This is done by freeing the appendix from its mesenteric attachment
to the abdomen and colon, cutting the appendix from the colon, and sewing over
the hole in the colon. If an abscess is present, the pus can be drained
with drains that pass from the abscess and out through the skin. The abdominal incision
then is closed.
Newer techniques for removing the appendix involve the use of the
laparoscope. The
laparoscope is a thin telescope attached
to a video camera that allows the surgeon to inspect the inside of the
abdomen through a small puncture wound (instead of a larger incision). If appendicitis
is found, the appendix can be removed with special instruments that can
be passed into the abdomen, just like the laparoscope, through small puncture
wounds. The benefits of the laparoscopic technique include less post-operative
pain (since much of the post-surgery pain comes from incisions) and a
speedier return to normal activities. An additional advantage of laparoscopy is
that it allows the surgeon to look inside the abdomen to make a clear diagnosis
in cases in which the diagnosis of appendicitis is in doubt. For example,
laparoscopy is especially helpful in menstruating women in whom a rupture of an
ovarian cyst may mimic appendicitis.
If the appendix is not ruptured (perforated) at the
time of surgery, the patient generally is sent home from the hospital after surgery in one or two
days. Patients whose appendix has perforated are sicker than patients
without perforation, and their hospital stay often is prolonged (four to
seven days), particularly if peritonitis has occurred.
Intravenous antibiotics
are given in the hospital to fight infection and assist in resolving any
abscess.
Occasionally, the surgeon may find a normal-appearing appendix and no other
cause for the patient's problem. In this situation, the surgeon may remove the
appendix. The reasoning in these cases is that it is better to remove a
normal-appearing appendix than to miss and not treat appropriately an early or
mild case of appendicitis.
Abdominal pain is pain in the belly and can be acute or chronic. Causes include inflammation, distention of an organ, and loss of the blood supply to an organ. Abdominal pain can reflect a major problem with one of the organs in the abdomen such as the appendix, gallbladder, large and small intestine, pancreas, liver, colon, duodenum, and spleen.
Night sweats are severe hot flashes that occur at night and result in a drenching sweat. In order to distinguish night sweats that arise from medical causes from those that occur because one's surroundings are too warm, doctors generally refer to true night sweats as severe hot flashes occurring at night that can drench sleepwear and sheets, which are not related to an overheated environment.
Medical shock is a life-threatening medical condition. There are several types of medical shock, septic shock, anaphylactic shock, cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, and neurogenic shock. Causes of shock include heart attack, heart failure, heavy bleeding (internal and external), infection, anaphylaxis, spinal cord injury, severe burns, chronic vomiting or diarrhea. Low blood pressure is the key sign of sock. Treatment is dependant upon the type of shock.
Abdominal adhesions (scar tissue) bands of scar tissue that form between abdominal organs and tissues. Symptoms of abdominal adhesions are pelvic or abdominal pain. Abdominal adhesions on the intestines can cause bowel obstruction, which is a medical emergency. Treatment for abdominal adhesions is generally surgery to cut the adhesions away from the internal tissues and organs. There is no way to prevent abdominal adhesions.
Digestion is the complex process of turning food you eat into the energy you need to survive. The digestive process also involves creating waste to be eliminated, and is made of a series of muscles that coordinate the movement of food.
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