Treatment of stage 0 anal cancer is usually local resection.
Stage I Anal Cancer
Treatment of stage I anal cancer may include the following:
Local resection.
External-beam radiation therapy with or without
chemotherapy. If cancer remains after treatment, additional chemotherapy and
radiation therapy may be given to avoid the need for a permanent colostomy.
Internal radiation therapy.
Abdominoperineal resection, if cancer remains or comes
back after treatment with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Internal radiation therapy for cancer that remains after treatment with
external-beam radiation therapy.
Patients who have had treatment that saves the sphincter
muscles may receive follow-up exams every 3 months for the first 2 years,
including rectal exams with endoscopy and biopsy, as needed.
Stage II Anal Cancer
Treatment of stage II anal cancer may include the following:
Local resection.
External-beam radiation therapy with chemotherapy. If
cancer remains after treatment, additional chemotherapy and radiation therapy
may be given to avoid the need for a permanent colostomy.
Internal radiation therapy.
Abdominoperineal resection, if cancer remains or comes
back after treatment with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
A clinical trial of new treatment options.
Patients who have had treatment that saves the sphincter muscles may receive
follow-up exams every 3 months for the first 2 years, including rectal exams
with endoscopy and biopsy, as needed.
Stage IIIA Anal Cancer
Treatment of stage IIIA anal cancer may include the following:
External-beam radiation therapy with chemotherapy. If
cancer remains after treatment, additional chemotherapy and radiation therapy
may be given to avoid the need for a permanent colostomy.
Internal beam radiation.
Abdominoperineal resection, if cancer remains or comes
back after treatment with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
A clinical trial of new treatment options.
Stage IIIB Anal Cancer
Treatment of stage IIIB anal cancer may include the following:
External-beam radiation therapy with chemotherapy.
Local resection or abdominoperineal resection, if
cancer remains or comes back after treatment with chemotherapy and radiation
therapy. Lymph nodes may also be removed.
A clinical trial of new treatment options.
Stage IV Anal Cancer
Treatment of stage IV anal cancer may include the following:
Surgery as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and
improve the quality of life.
Radiation therapy as palliative therapy.
Chemotherapy with radiation therapy as palliative
therapy.
Rectal bleeding (hematochezia) refers to the passage of bright red blood from the anus. Rectal bleeding may be moderate to severe and most bleeding comes from the colon, rectum, or anus. Common causes include anal fissures, hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, and more.
Colon cancer is a malignancy that arises from the inner lining of the colon. Most, if not all, of these cancers develop from colonic polyps. Removal of these precancerous polyps can prevent colon cancer.
Sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs,
are infections that are transmitted during any type of sexual exposure,
including intercourse (vaginal or anal), oral sex, and the sharing of sexual
devices, such as vibrators. Women can contract all of the STDs, but may have no symptoms, or have different symptoms than men do.
An anal fissure is a small tear or cut in the skin lining of the anus. Pain and/or rectal bleeding during bowel movements are common symptoms of anal fissures. Treatment involves increasing liquid intake, using stool softeners and avoiding foods that may not be well-digested.
Itching can be a common problem. Itches can be localized or generalized. There are many causes of itching to include: infection (jock itch, vaginal itch), disease (hyperthyroidism, liver or kidney), reactions to drugs, and skin infestations (pubic or body lice). Treatment for itching varies depending on the cause of the itch.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S. HPV is primarily transmitted by sexual contact. While some people develop warts in the genital region after infection, others experience no symptoms. Though genital warts can be removed, there is no cure for HPV infection. There is a vaccine to prevent infection from four common HPV types.
Cancer is a disease caused by an abnormal growth of cells, also called malignancy. It is a group of 100 different diseases, and is not contagious. Cancer can be treated through chemotherapy, a treatment of drugs that destroy cancer cells.
Sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs, are infections that are transmitted during any
type of sexual exposure, including intercourse (vaginal or anal), oral sex, and
the sharing of sexual devices, such as vibrators. Although treatment exists for many STDs, others currently are
usually incurable, such as those caused by HIV, HPV, hepatitis B and C, and HHV-8.
Smoking is an addiction. More than 430,000 deaths occur each year in the U.S. from smoking related illnesses. Secondhand smoke or "passive smoke" also harm family members, coworkers, and others around smokers. There are a number of techniques available to assist people who want to quit smoking.
The HPV virus (genital warts) in men can cause health problems. Genital warts are confined primarily to the moist skin of the genitals or around the anus. Genital warts are caused by the human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are transmitted through sexual contact.
Though it's difficult to say why some people develop cancer while others don't, research shows that certain risk factors increase a person's odds of developing cancer. These risk factors include growing older, family history of cancer, diet, alcohol and tobacco use, and exposure to sunlight, ionizing radiation, certain chemicals, and some viruses and bacteria.
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