Amniocentesis
Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stoppler
Medical Editor: William C. Shiel, Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
What is amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is a procedure whereby a sample of fluid is removed from the
amniotic sac for analysis.
The amniotic sac is in the uterine cavity. The amniotic sac is the fluid-filled structure inside the pregnant uterus within which the baby lives. Fetal cells, proteins, and fetal urine freely move within this sac.
During amniocentesis, fluid is removed by placing a long needle through the abdominal wall into
amniotic sac. Sometimes, the woman's skin is injected first with a local anesthetic, but this is not usually necessary. The amniocentesis needle is typically guided into the sac with the help of ultrasound imaging performed either prior to or during the procedure. Once the needle is in the sac, a syringe is used to withdraw the clear amber-colored amniotic fluid, resembling urine. The volume of fluid withdrawn depends upon the age of the fetus and the reason for the testing.
The fluid can then be sent for evaluation of fetal lung maturity, genetic evaluation, evidence of
spina bifida (a
birth defect in spinal cord development) or other neural-tube defects, the presence of infection, or chromosome analysis. Chromosomes are structures that contain all of the genetic information in our cells. The amniotic fluid contains numerous free-floating fetal cells that can be grown in a laboratory. When these cells multiply and reach a certain number, their chromosomes are extracted and analyzed. It takes about two weeks to perform chromosome analysis. The fluid also contains proteins, minerals and other compounds that can be tested, and these studies may take 1 to 7 days to perform. Data obtained from amniotic fluid can help women make informed decisions regarding their
pregnancies and babies.
For most patients, amniocentesis is a fairly quick and comfortable procedure. Some women experience some uterine cramping or a feeling of faintness.
Next: Who is a candidate for amniocentesis? »
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