1. Dementia Slideshow Pictures
2. Alzheimer's Disease Slideshow Pictures
3. Take the Alzheimer's Quiz

Medical Author:

Howard Crystal, MD

Medical Editor:

William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR

William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR

Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.

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Medical Editor:

Jay W. Marks, MD

Jay W. Marks, MD

Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.

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In this Article

• Alzheimer's disease facts*
• What is dementia?
• What is Alzheimer's disease?
• Who develops Alzheimer's disease?
• What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
• Ten warning signs of Alzheimer's disease
• What are the causes Alzheimer's disease?
• What are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease?
• How is the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease made?
• What is the prognosis of a person with Alzheimer's disease?
• What treatment and management options are available for Alzheimer's disease?
• Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs)
• Partial glutamate antagonists
• Non-medication based treatments
• Treatment of psychiatric symptoms
• Potential and future therapies for Alzheimer's disease
• Caring for the caregiver and Alzheimer's disease resources
• National Institute on Aging home safety for people with Alzheimer's disease
• Introduction
• General safety concerns for persons with Alzheimer's disease
• Is it safe to leave the person with Alzheimer's disease alone?
• Home safety room-by-room
• Home safety behavior-by-behavior
• Special occasions/gatherings/holidays
• Impairment of the senses
• Driving
• Natural disaster safety
• Who would take care of the person with Alzheimer's disease if something happened to you?
• Conclusion
• Additional resources
• Alzheimer's Disease FAQs
• Patient Comments: Alzheimer&39;s Disease - Describe Your Experience
• Patient Comments: Alzheimer&39;s Disease - Treatments
• Find a local Geriatrician in your town
• Alzheimer's Disease Causes, Stages, and Symptoms Index

Prevention begins with a safety check of every room in your home. Use the following room-by-room checklist to alert you to potential hazards and to record any changes you need to make. You can buy products or gadgets necessary for home safety at stores carrying hardware, electronics, medical supplies, and children's items.

Keep in mind that it may not be necessary to make all of the suggested changes. This booklet covers a wide range of safety concerns that may arise, and some modifications may never be needed. It is important, however, to re-evaluate home safety periodically as behavior and abilities change.

Your home is a personal and precious environment. As you go through this checklist, some of the changes you make may impact your surroundings positively, and some may affect you in ways that may be inconvenient or undesirable. It is possible, however, to strike a balance. Caregivers can make adaptations that modify and simplify without severely disrupting the home. You may want to consider setting aside a special area for yourself, a space off-limits to anyone else and arranged exactly as you like. Everyone needs private, quiet time, and as a caregiver, this becomes especially crucial.

A safe home can be a less stressful home for the person with Alzheimer's, the caregiver, and family members. You don't have to make these changes alone. You may want to enlist the help of a friend, professional, or community service such as the Alzheimer's Association.

Throughout the Home

• Display emergency numbers and your home address near all telephones.
  
  
• Use an answering machine when you cannot answer phone calls, and set it to turn on after the fewest number of rings possible. A person with Alzheimer's disease often may be unable to take messages or could become a victim of telephone exploitation. Turn ringers on low to avoid distraction and confusion. Put all portable and cell phones and equipment in a safe place so they will not be easily lost.
  
  
• Install smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors in or near the kitchen and all sleeping areas. Check their functioning and batteries frequently.
  
  
• Avoid the use of flammable and volatile compounds near gas appliances. Do not store these materials in an area where a gas pilot light is used.
  
  
• Install secure locks on all outside doors and windows.
  
  
• Hide a spare house key outside in case the person with Alzheimer's disease locks you out of the house.
  
  
• Avoid the use of extension cords if possible by placing lamps and appliances close to electrical outlets. Tack extension cords to the baseboards of a room to avoid tripping.
  
  
• Cover unused electrical outlets with childproof plugs.
  
  
• Place red tape around floor vents, radiators, and other heating devices to deter the person with Alzheimer's from standing on or touching them when hot.
  
  
• Check all rooms for adequate lighting.
  
  
• Place light switches at the top and the bottom of stairs.
  
  
• Stairways should have at least one handrail that extends beyond the first and last steps. If possible, stairways should be carpeted or have safety grip strips. Put a gate across the stairs if the person has balance problems.
  
  
• Keep all medications (prescription and over-the-counter) locked. Each bottle of prescription medicine should be clearly labeled with the person's name, name of the drug, drug strength, dosage frequency, and expiration date. Child-resistant caps are available if needed.
  
  
• Keep all alcohol in a locked cabinet or out of reach of the person with Alzheimer's. Drinking alcohol can increase confusion.
  
  
• If smoking is permitted, monitor the person with Alzheimer's while he or she is smoking. Remove matches, lighters, ashtrays, cigarettes, and other means of smoking from view. This reduces fire hazards, and with these reminders out of sight, the person may forget the desire to smoke.
  
  
• Avoid clutter, which can create confusion and danger. Throw out or recycle newspapers and magazines regularly. Keep all areas where people walk free of furniture.
  
  
• Keep plastic bags out of reach. A person with Alzheimer's disease may choke or suffocate.
  
  
• Remove all guns and other weapons from the home or lock them up. Installing safety locks on guns or remove ammunition and firing pins.
  
  
• Lock all power tools and machinery in the garage, workroom, or basement.
  
  
• Remove all poisonous plants from the home. Check with local nurseries or contact the poison control center (1-800-222-1222) for a list of poisonous plants.
  
  
• Make sure all computer equipment and accessories, including electrical cords, are kept out of the way. If valuable documents or materials are stored on a home computer, protect the files with passwords and back up the files. Password protect access to the Internet, and restrict the amount of online time without supervision. Consider monitoring computer use by the person with Alzheimer's, and install software that screens for objectionable or offensive material on the Internet.
  
  
• Keep fish tanks out of reach. The combination of glass, water, electrical pumps, and potentially poisonous aquatic life could be harmful to a curious person with Alzheimer's disease.

Outside Approaches to the House

• Keep steps sturdy and textured to prevent falls in wet or icy weather.
  
  
• Mark the edges of steps with bright or reflective tape.
  
  
• Consider installing a ramp with handrails as an alternative to the steps.
  
  
• Eliminate uneven surfaces or walkways, hoses, and other objects that may cause a person to trip.
  
  
• Restrict access to a swimming pool by fencing it with a locked gate, covering it, and closely supervising it when in use.
  
  
• In the patio area, remove the fuel source and fire starters from any grills when not in use, and supervise use when the person with Alzheimer's is present.
  
  
• Place a small bench or table by the entry door to hold parcels while unlocking the door.
  
  
• Make sure outside lighting is adequate. Light sensors that turn on lights automatically as you approach the house may be useful. They also may be used in other parts of the home.
  
  
• Prune bushes and foliage well away from walkways and doorways.
  
  
• Consider a NO SOLICITING sign for the front gate or door.

Entryway

• Remove scatter rugs and throw rugs.
  
  
• Use textured strips or nonskid wax on hardwood and tile floors to prevent slipping.

Kitchen

• Install childproof door latches on storage cabinets and drawers designated for breakable or dangerous items. Lock away all household cleaning products, matches, knives, scissors, blades, small appliances, and anything valuable.
  
  
• If prescription or nonprescription drugs are kept in the kitchen, store them in a locked cabinet.
  
  
• Remove scatter rugs and foam pads from the floor.
  
  
• Install safety knobs and an automatic shut-off switch on the stove.
  
  
• Do not use or store flammable liquids in the kitchen. Lock them in the garage or in an outside storage unit.
  
  
• Keep a night-light in the kitchen.
  
  
• Remove or secure the family "junk drawer." A person with Alzheimer's may eat small items such as matches, hardware, erasers, plastics, etc.
  
  
• Remove artificial fruits and vegetables or food-shaped kitchen magnets, which might appear to be edible.
  
  
• Insert a drain trap in the kitchen sink to catch anything that may otherwise become lost or clog the plumbing.
  
  
• Consider disconnecting the garbage disposal. People with Alzheimer's may place objects or their own hands in the disposal.

Bedroom

• Anticipate the reasons a person with Alzheimer's disease might get out of bed, such as hunger, thirst, going to the bathroom, restlessness, and pain. Try to meet these needs by offering food and fluids and scheduling ample toileting.
  
  
• Use a night-light.
  
  
• Use a monitoring device (like those used for infants) to alert you to any sounds indicating a fall or other need for help. This also is an effective device for bathrooms.
  
  
• Remove scatter rugs and throw rugs.
  
  
• Remove portable space heaters. If you use portable fans, be sure that objects cannot be placed in the blades.
  
  
• Be cautious when using electric mattress pads, electric blankets, electric sheets, and heating pads, all of which can cause burns and fires. Keep controls out of reach.
  
  
• If the person with Alzheimer's disease is at risk of falling out of bed, place mats next to the bed, as long as they do not create a greater risk of accident.
  
  
• Use transfer or mobility aids.
  
  
• If you are considering using a hospital-type bed with rails and/or wheels, read the Food and Drug Administration's up-to-date safety information at FDA Medical Devices, Hospital Beds

Bathroom

• Do not leave a severely impaired person with Alzheimer's alone in the bathroom.
  
  
• Remove the lock from the bathroom door to prevent the person with Alzheimer's from getting locked inside.
  
  
• Place nonskid adhesive strips, decals, or mats in the tub and shower. If the bathroom is uncarpeted, consider placing these strips next to the tub, toilet, and sink.
  
  
• Use washable wall-to-wall bathroom carpeting to prevent slipping on wet tile floors.
  
  
• Use a raised toilet seat with handrails, or install grab bars beside the toilet.
  
  
• Install grab bars in the tub/shower. A grab bar in contrasting color to the wall is easier to see.
  
  
• Use a foam rubber faucet cover (often used for small children) in the tub to prevent serious injury should the person with Alzheimer's fall.
  
  
• Use a plastic shower stool and a hand-held shower head to make bathing easier.
  
  
• In the shower, tub, and sink, use a single faucet that mixes hot and cold water to avoid burns.
  
  
• Set the water heater at 120 degrees Fahrenheit to avoid scalding tap water.
  
  
• Insert drain traps in sinks to catch small items that may be lost or flushed down the drain.
  
  
• Store medications (prescription and nonprescription) in a locked cabinet. Check medication dates and throw away outdated medications.
  
  
• Remove cleaning products from under the sink, or lock them away.
  
  
• Use a night-light.
  
  
• Remove small electrical appliances from the bathroom. Cover electrical outlets.
  
  
• If a man with Alzheimer's disease uses an electric razor, have him use a mirror outside the bathroom to avoid water contact.

Living Room

• Clear electrical cords from all areas where people walk.
  
  
• Remove scatter rugs or throw rugs. Repair or replace torn carpet.
  
  
• Place decals at eye level on sliding glass doors, picture windows, or furniture with large glass panels to identify the glass pane.
  
  
• Do not leave the person with Alzheimer's disease alone with an open fire in the fireplace. Consider alternative heating sources.
  
  
• Keep matches and cigarette lighters out of reach.
  
  
• Keep the remote controls for the television, DVD player, and stereo system out of sight.

Laundry Room

• Keep the door to the laundry room locked if possible.
  
  
• Lock all laundry products in a cabinet.
  
  
• Remove large knobs from the washer and dryer if the person with Alzheimer's tampers with machinery.
  
  
• Close and latch the doors and lids to the washer and dryer to prevent objects from being placed in the machines.

Garage/Shed/Basement

• Lock access to all garages, sheds, and basements if possible.
  
  
• Inside a garage or shed, keep all potentially dangerous items, such as tools, tackle, machines, and sporting equipment either locked away in cabinets or in appropriate boxes/cases.
  
  
• Secure and lock all motor vehicles and keep them out of sight if possible. Consider covering vehicles, including bicycles, that are not frequently used. This may reduce the possibility that the person with Alzheimer's will think about leaving.
  
  
• Keep all toxic materials, such as paint, fertilizers, gasoline, or cleaning supplies, out of view. Either put them in a high, dry place, or lock them in a cabinet.
  
  
• If the person with Alzheimer's is permitted in a garage, shed, or basement, preferably with supervision, make sure the area is well lit and that stairs have a handrail and are safe to walk up and down. Keep walkways clear of debris and clutter, and place overhanging items out of reach.